Tylopilus
Tylopilus is a large genus of around 75 species of mycorrhizal bolete fungi separated from Boletus. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (Tylopilus felleus), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, such as the edible species Tylopilus chromapes and T. alboater, and the tropics. Australia is another continent where many species are found. All members of the genus form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. Members of the genus are distinguished by their pinkish pore surfaces.
Taxonomy
The genus was first defined by Petter Adolf Karsten in 1881.[2] Tylopilus means "bumpy or swollen pileus".[3] There are approximately 75 species in the genus,[4] 40 of which are found in western North America.[3] A large number have been recorded from Australia, with 26 aligned with existing taxa and another 15 not assignable. Members of the genus are also abundant in South America, particularly in forests with trees of the genus Dicymbe in Guyana, as well as Central America and elsewhere across tropical regions around the world.[5] All are mycorrhizal.
Molecular analysis indicates the genus, like other large genera within the Boletales, is polyphyletic.[6]
Description
Fruit bodies of the genus Tylopilus are encountered as large stout bolete mushrooms, which generally arise from the ground or occasionally from wood. They have stout stipes, which do not have a ring.[3] A key field character which distinguishes them from members of the genus Boletus is the presence of their pink-tinged pores (though these may be white when young).[7] The spore print manifests various shades of pinkish-brown, through reddish-brown and even chocolate brown.[3]
Edibility
Many species have a bitter taste and are inedible,[3] a key feature in identification.[7] The black velvet bolete (T. alboater) is edible and tasty, but often ignored.[3]
Species
- Tylopilus alboater
- Tylopilus alkalixanthus
- Tylopilus ammiratii
- Tylopilus amylosporus
- Tylopilus appalachiensis
- Tylopilus atratus
- Tylopilus atronicotianus
- Tylopilus badiceps
- Tylopilus ballouii
- Tylopilus brevisporus
- Tylopilus bulbosus
- Tylopilus brunneus
- Tylopilus castanoides[8]
- Tylopilus chromapes
- Tylopilus conicus
- Tylopilus cyanescens
- Tylopilus cyanogranulifer
- Tylopilus exiguus
- Tylopilus eximius
- Tylopilus felleus
- Tylopilus ferrugineus
- Tylopilus formosus
- Tylopilus fuligineoviolaceus[9]
- Tylopilus griseocarneus
- Tylopilus humilis
- Tylopilus indecisus
- Tylopilus intermedius
- Tylopilus leucomycelinus
- Tylopilus microsporus
- Tylopilus minor
- Tylopilus nebulosus
- Tylopilus obscureviolaceus
- Tylopilus oradivensis
- Tylopilus orsonianus
- Tylopilus pakaraimensis
- Tylopilus parachromapes
- Tylopilus peralbidus
- Tylopilus pernanus
- Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceoides
- Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus
- Tylopilus potamogeton
- Tylopilus pseudoscaber
- Tylopilus rhoadsiae
- Tylopilus rhodoconius
- Tylopilus rubrobrunneus
- Tylopilus rufonigricans
- Tylopilus sordidus
- Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus
- Tylopilus tabacinus
- Tylopilus temucensis
- Tylopilus variobrunneus
- Tylopilus vinaceipallidus
- Tylopilus violatinctus
- Tylopilus viscidichromapes
- Tylopilus williamsii
References
- ^ "Tylopilus P. Karst. 1881". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=18700. Retrieved 30 Aug 2011.
- ^ Karsten, Petter A. (1881). "Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue mycologique, Toulouse 3 (9): 16–19.
- ^ a b c d e f Bessette AR, Bessette A, Roody WC. (2000). North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 256. ISBN 0-8156-0588-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=geiwy6Jf_ZcC&pg=PA256.
- ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 710. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
- ^ Watling, Roy (2001). "Australian Boletes: their Diversity and Possible Origins". Australian Systematic Botany 14 (3): 407–16. doi:10.1071/SB99031.
- ^ Binder, Manfred; Hibbett, David S. (2006) (PDF). Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales. 98. pp. 971–81. http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/Reprints%20PDFs/Binder%20and%20Hibbett%202006%20Boletales.pdf.
- ^ a b Kuo, Michael (March 2005). "The genus Tylopilus". http://www.mushroomexpert.com/tylopilus.html. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ Takahashi H. (2002). "Two new species and one new combination of Agaricales from Japan". Mycoscience 43 (5): 397–403. doi:10.1007/s102670200058.
- ^ Takahashi H. (2007). "Five new species of the Boletaceae from Japan". Mycoscience 48 (2): 90–9. doi:10.1007/s10267-006-0332-6p.
External links