In architecture, a transom is the term given to a transverse beam or bar in a frame, or to the crosspiece separating a door or the like from a window or fanlight above it.[1] Transom is also the customary U.S. word used for a transom light, the window over this crosspiece.[1][2] In Britain, the transom above a door is usually referred to as a "fanlight" irrespective of shape, and occasionally as an "overlight" or "hopper", or by the French word "vasistas".[3] The term "fanlight" derives from the fan-like shape of early transoms, which became a traditional part of the Georgian style.[4] "Vasistas" sounds similar to the German phrase "was ist das?" ("what is that?"); hence folk etymology ascribes its origin to a visiting German's reaction to seeing a transom during a trip to France.[5]
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In early Gothic ecclesiastical work, transoms are found only in belfry unglazed windows or spire lights, where they were deemed necessary to strengthen the mullions in the absence of the iron stay bars, which in glazed windows served a similar purpose. In the later Gothic, and more especially the Perpendicular Period, the introduction of transoms became common in windows of all kinds.[6]
Transom windows which could be opened to provide cross-ventilation while maintaining security and privacy (due to their small size and height above floor level) were a common feature of office buildings and apartments before air conditioning became common.
Architectural details called ranma (欄間) are often found above doors in traditional Japanese houses and buildings. These details can be anything from simple shōji-style dividers to elaborate wooden carvings.
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