Transatlantic flight

Transatlantic flight is the flight of an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean. A transatlantic flight may proceed east-to-west, originating in Europe or Africa and terminating in North America or South America, or it may go in the reverse direction, west-to-east. Such flights have been accomplished by fixed-wing aircraft, airships, balloons and other devices.

The Atlantic Ocean stood as a significant obstacle to the aviation pioneers of the 19th and early 20th Centuries. The first aircraft engines did not have sufficient reliability necessary for the crossing, nor sufficient power to lift the required fuel. Additionally, there are difficulties navigating over featureless expanses of water for thousands of miles, and the weather, especially in the North Atlantic Ocean is often unpredictable and violent. Since the middle of the 20th century, however, transatlantic flight has been routine and common, for commercial, military, diplomatic, and other purposes. Experimental flights (in balloons, small aircraft, etc.) still present technological challenges for transatlantic fliers.

Contents 1 First transatlantic flight 2 History 2.1 By rigid airship 2.1.1 First intercontinental passenger airship flight 2.1.2 Passenger Zeppelin services, 1928-37 2.2 R100 2.3 By balloon 2.4 By plane 3 Transatlantic routes 4 Early notable transatlantic flights and attempts 5 Other early transatlantic flights 6 Notable transatlantic flights of the 21st century 7 References 8 External links

First transatlantic flight

Between May 8 and May 31, 1919, the Curtiss seaplane, NC-4 made a crossing of the Atlantic flying from the U.S. to Newfoundland, then to the Azores and on to Portugal and finally the UK. The whole journey took 23 days. NC-4 was the only one of the three United States Navy aircraft to set out that completed the journey. The journey had been organised by the Navy to include crew rest, aircraft maintenance and repair and refuelling, and had been supported by a trail of 22 "station ships" across the Atlantic giving the aircraft points to navigate by.

British aviators Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight in June 1919.^[1] They flew a modified World War I Vickers Vimy bomber from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Connemara, County Galway, Ireland.^[2] Winston Churchill presented them with the Daily Mail prize^[3] for the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in "less than 72 consecutive hours" and they were knighted at Windsor Castle by King George V.^[4]

History

By rigid airship

First intercontinental passenger airship flight

On October 11, 1928, Hugo Eckener, commanding the Graf Zeppelin airship as part of DELAG's operations, began the first non-stop transatlantic passenger flights, leaving Friedrichshafen, Germany, at 07:54 on October 11, 1928, and arriving at NAS Lakehurst, New Jersey, on October 15.

Passenger Zeppelin services, 1928-37

Thereafter, DELAG used both the LZ 127 and LZ 129 for regular scheduled passenger services across the North Atlantic, from Frankfurt-am-Main to Lakehurst. From the summer of 1931 a South Atlantic route was also introduced, from Frankfurt and Friedrichshafen to Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro. Both routes operated a regularly scheduled timetable until the cessation of passenger Zeppelin operations following the Hindenburg disaster in May 1937.

R100

The British rigid airship R100 also made a successful return trip from Cardington to Montreal in July-August 1930, in what was intended to be a proving flight for regularly scheduled passenger services. Following the R101 disaster in October 1930, the British rigid airship programme was abandoned and the R100 scrapped, leaving DELAG as the sole remaining operator of transatlantic passenger airship flights.

By balloon

Fourteen attempts at crossing the Atlantic by balloon were known to be made before the first successful one, with the Double Eagle II, was completed from Presque Isle, Maine, to Miserey, near Paris, France in 1978, long after airplanes were already making transatlantic flights.

The first ideas of transatlantic flight came about during the mid-nineteenth century period of ballooning. The best-known balloonists in the world were the Americans John Wise, John LaMountain and Thaddeus S. C. Lowe. The balloons of the period were inflated with coke gas, a moderate lifting medium compared to hydrogen or helium, but with enough lift to obtain the high winds in the atmosphere that would later be known as the Jet Stream.

In 1859 John Wise had built an enormous aerostat that he appropriately named the Atlantic. He invited John LaMountain and a few other passengers to join them at a start point in St. Louis, Missouri. Though intended to cross the Atlantic Ocean, the flight, only lasting a little less than a day ended caught in a sudden windstorm over Lake Ontario and crash-landing in Henderson, New York. Neither Wise nor LaMountain ever attempted a transatlantic flight again.

Professor Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, with a little more scientific approach to an Atlantic crossing prepared a massive balloon of 725,000 cubic feet (20,500 m³) called the City of New York to take off from Philadelphia at a proper season during 1860. He even equipped the rig with a small escape boat towed under the gondola should anything go awry over the ocean. Defeating circumstances, most of them outside the realm of aeronautics, caused postponements until the best time of year ran out. Lowe opted to wait for mid 1861 to attempt the flight, but upon a suggestion from Prof. Joseph Henry at the Smithsonian Institution Lowe took the smaller balloon Enterprise to Cincinnati for a test flight that would return him to the East Coast. The flight, which took off two days after the beginning of the American Civil War, went well short of the fact that Lowe ended up in Confederate South Carolina. Upon returning home he was summoned by Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase to bring his balloon to Washington, D.C. Lowe ended up as Chief Aeronaut of the Union Army Balloon Corps which all but ended any idea of his making a transatlantic flight.

By plane

The North Atlantic presented challenges for aviators due to weather and the huge distances involved coupled with the lack of stopping points. Initial transatlantic services, therefore, focused more on the South Atlantic, where a number of French, German, and Italian airlines offered seaplane service for mail between South America and West Africa in the 1930s. From February 1934 to August 1939 Deutsche Luft Hansa operated a regular airmail service between Natal, Brazil, and Bathurst, The Gambia, continuing via the Canary Islands and Spain to Stuttgart, Germany.^[5] From December 1935, Air France opened a regular weekly airmail route between South America and Africa. German airlines, such as Deutsche Luft Hansa, experimented with mail routes over the North Atlantic in the early 1930s, both with seaplanes and dirigibles.

The US was mainly concerned about Trans-Atlantic flight for the faster postal service between Europe and America. In 1931 W. Irving Glover, the second assistant postmaster, wrote an extensive article for Popular Mechanics concerning the challenges and the need for such a regular service. In his article he even mentioned the use of aerial refueling after takeoff as a possible solution.^[6]

In 1931, the airship Graf Zeppelin began offering regular scheduled passenger service between Germany and South America which continued until 1937. Over its career Graf Zeppelin crossed the South Atlantic 136 times.[1] In 1936, the airship Hindenburg entered passenger service and successfully crossed the Atlantic 36 times before crashing at Lakehurst, New Jersey, on May 6, 1937. [2]

As technology progressed, Pan American World Airways of the United States, Imperial Airways of Britain, Lufthansa of Germany,^[7] and Aéropostale of France, began to use flying boats to connect the Americas to Europe via Bermuda and the Azores during the 1930s. A main reason for using flying boats was the lack of runways long enough to allow large airplanes to take off and land. On 26 March 1939, Pan American made its first trial transatlantic flight from Baltimore, Maryland, to Foynes, Ireland, using a Boeing 314 (named Yankee Clipper by PanAm) with a scheduled flight time of about 29 hours.[3]

During World War II the crossing of the Atlantic by air became much more commonplace with the instigation of RAF Ferry Command, whose purpose was to deliver US- and Canadian-built combat aircraft to the United Kingdom, flying from Gander, Newfoundland, to Prestwick in Scotland. Over the course of the war, more than 9,000 aircraft were ferried across the ocean. The Atlantic Division of the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command ferried aircraft and carried supplies and passengers from the USA to the British Isles. By the end of the war, crossing the Atlantic had become a routine operation, presaging the inauguration of scheduled commercial air transport services after the war.

After World War II long runways were available, and American, Canadian and European carriers such as Pan Am, TWA, Trans Canada Airlines (TCA), BOAC, and Air France acquired larger piston aircraft, which allowed service over the North Atlantic with intermediate stops (usually in Gander, Newfoundland and/or Shannon, Ireland). Scheduled jet flights began in October 1958, and supersonic service (Concorde) was offered from 1976 to 2003. Since the loosening of regulations in the 1970s and 1980s, a large number of airlines now compete in the transatlantic market.

Transatlantic routes

Unlike over land, transatlantic flights use standardized aircraft routes called North Atlantic Tracks (NATs). These change daily in position (although altitudes are standardised) to compensate for weather—particularly the jet stream tailwinds and headwinds, which may be substantial at cruising altitudes and have a strong influence on trip duration and fuel economy. Eastbound flights generally operate during night-time hours, while westbound flights generally operate during daytime hours, for passenger convenience. For European readers it should be mentioned that the "Eastbound Flow", as it is called, generally makes European landfall from about 0600UT to 0900UT. The westbound flow generally operates within a 1200–1500UT time-slot. Restrictions on how far a given aircraft may be from an airport also play a part in determining its route; in the past, airliners with three or more engines were not restricted, but a twin-engine airliner was required to stay within a certain distance of airports that could accommodate it (since a single engine failure in a four-engine aircraft is less crippling than a single engine failure in a twin). Modern aircraft with two engines flying transatlantic have to be ETOPS certified.

Gaps in air traffic control and radar coverage over large stretches of the Earth's oceans, as well as an absence of most types of radio navigation aids, impose a requirement for a high level of autonomy in navigation upon transatlantic flights. Aircraft must include reliable systems that can determine the aircraft's course and position with great accuracy over long distances. In addition to the traditional compass, inertials and satellite navigation systems such as GPS all have their place in transatlantic navigation. Land-based systems such as VOR and DME,because they operate "line of sight", are mostly useless for ocean crossings, except in initial and final legs within about 240 nautical miles (440 km) of those facilities. In the late 1950s and early 1960s an important facility for low-flying aircraft was the Radio Range. Inertial Nav. systems became prominent in the 1970s

Early notable transatlantic flights and attempts

Airship America failure

In October 1910, the American journalist, Walter Wellman, who had in 1909 attempted to reach the North Pole by balloon, set out for Europe from Atlantic City in a dirigible, America. A storm off Cape Cod sent him off course, and then engine failure forced him to ditch half way between New York and Bermuda. Wellman, his crew of five – and the balloon’s cat – were rescued by RMS Trent, a passing British ship. The Atlantic bid failed, but the distance covered, about 1,000 statute miles (1,600 km), was at the time a record for a dirigible.^[8]

First transatlantic flight

May 8–31, 1919. U.S. Navy Curtiss NC-4 flying boat under the command of Albert Read, flew 4,526 statute miles (7,284 km) from Rockaway, New York, to Plymouth (England), via inter alia Trepassey (Newfoundland), Horta and Ponta Delgada (both Azores) and Lisbon (Portugal) in 53h 58m, spread over 23 days. The crossing from Newfoundland to the European mainland had taken 10 days 22 hours, with the total time in flight of 26h 46m. The longest non-stop leg of the journey, from Trepassey, Newfoundland, to Horta in the Azores, was 1,200 statute miles (1,900 km) and lasted 15h 18m.

Sopwith Atlantic failure

On 18 May 1919, the Australian Harry Hawker, together with navigator Kenneth Mackenzie Grieve, attempted to become the first to achieve a non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. They set off from Mount Pearl, Newfoundland, in the Sopwith Atlantic biplane. After fourteen and a half hours of flight the engine overheated and they were forced to divert towards the shipping lanes: they found a passing freighter, the Danish Mary, established contact and crash-landed ahead of her. Mary's radio was out of order, so that it wasn't until six days later when the boat reached Scotland that word was received that they were safe. The wheels from the undercarriage, jettisoned soon after takeoff were later recovered by local fishermen and are now in the Newfoundland Museum in St. John's.

First non-stop transatlantic flight

June 14–15, 1919. Capt. John Alcock and Lieut. Arthur Whitten Brown of the United Kingdom in Vickers Vimy bomber, between islands, 1,960 nautical miles (3,630 km), from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland, in 16h 12m.

First east-to-west transatlantic flight

2 July 1919 Major George Herbert Scott of the Royal Air Force with his crew and passengers flies from RAF East Fortune, Scotland to Mineola, New York (on Long Island) in airship R34, covering a distance of about 3,000 statute miles (4,800 km) in about four and a half days. R34 then made the return trip to England arriving at RNAS Pulham in 75 hours, thus also completing the first double crossing of the Atlantic (east-west-east).

First flight across the South Atlantic

March 30 - June 17, 1922. Lieutenant Commander Sacadura Cabral and Commander Gago Coutinho of Portugal, using three Fairey IIID floatplanes (Lusitania, Portugal, and Santa Cruz), after two ditchings, with only internal means of navigation (the Coutinho-invented sextant with artificial horizon) from Lisbon, Portugal, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.^[9]

First non-stop aircraft flight between European and American mainlands

October 1924. The zeppelin ZR-3 (LZ-126), from Germany to New Jersey with a crew commanded by Dr. Hugo Eckener, covering a distance of about 4,000 statute miles (6,400 km).^[10]

First flight across the South Atlantic made by a Non-European crew

April 28, 1927. Brazilian João Ribeiro de Barros with the assistance of João Negrão (co-pilot), Newton Braga (navigator) and Vasco Cinquini (mechanic) crossed the Atlantic in the hydroplane Jahú. The four aviators departed from Genoa, in Italy, to Santo Amaro (São Paulo), making stops in Spain, Gibraltar, Cabo Verde and Fernando de Noronha, in the Brazilian territory.

Disappearance of The White Bird

May 8–9, 1927. Charles Nungesser and François Coli attempted to cross the Atlantic from Paris to the USA in a Levasseur PL-8 biplane The White Bird (L'Oiseau Blanc), but were lost. Wreckage was found off the coast off the island of Saint-Pierre et Miquelon near the southern coast of Newfoundland.

First solo transatlantic flight and first non-stop fixed-wing aircraft flight between America and mainland Europe

May 20–21, 1927. Charles A. Lindbergh flies Ryan monoplane (named Spirit of St. Louis), 3,600 nautical miles (6,700 km), from Long Island (New York) to Paris, in 33½ hours. The flight was timed by the Longines watch company.

First transatlantic air passenger

June 4–5, 1927. The first transatlantic air passenger was Charles A. Levine. He was carried as a passenger by Clarence D. Chamberlin from Roosevelt Field, New York, to Eisleben, Germany, in a Wright-powered Bellanca.

First non-stop air crossing of the South Atlantic

October 14–15, 1927 - Dieudonne Costes and Joseph le Brix, flying a Breguet 19 from Senegal to Brazil.

First non-stop fixed-wing aircraft westbound flight over the North Atlantic

April 12–13, 1928. Gunther von Huenfeld and Capt. Hermann Köhl of Germany and Comdr. James Fitzmaurice of Ireland fly a Junkers W33 monoplane (named Bremen), 2,070 statute miles (3,330 km), from Baldonnell near Dublin, Ireland to Labrador, in 36½ hours.^[11]

First crossing of the Atlantic by a woman

June 17–18, 1928 - Amelia Earhart. The aircraft was piloted by Wilmer Stultz and since most of the flight was on instruments for which Earhart had no training, she did not pilot the aircraft. Interviewed after landing, she said, "Stultz did all the flying—had to. I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes. Maybe someday I'll try it alone."

Notable flight (around the world)

August 1-August 8, 1929. In making the circumnavigation, Dr Hugo Eckener piloted the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin across the Atlantic three times: from Germany 4,391 statute miles (7,067 km) east to west in 4 days from August 1; return 4,391 statute miles (7,067 km) west to east in 2 days from August 8; after completing the circumnavigation to Lakehurst a final 4,391 statute miles (7,067 km) west to east landing 4 September, making three crossings in 34 days.^[12]

First scheduled transatlantic passenger flights

From 1931 onwards the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin operated the world's first scheduled transatlantic passenger flights, mainly between Germany and Brazil (64 such round trips overall) sometimes stopping in Spain, Miami, London, and Berlin.

First nonstop east-to-west fixed-wing aircraft flight between European and American mainlands

September 1–2, 1930. Dieudonne Costes and Maurice Bellonte fly a Breguet 19 Super Bidon biplane (named Point d'Interrogation, Question Mark), 6,200 km from Paris to New York City.

Notable flight (around the world)

June 23-July 1, 1931. Wiley Post and Harold Gatty in a Lockheed Vega monoplane (named Winnie Mae), 15,477 nm (28,663 km) from Long Island in 8d 15h 51m, with 14 stops, total flying time 107h 2m.

First solo crossing of the Atlantic by a woman

May 20, 1932 - Amelia Earhart. Earhart set off from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, intending to fly to Paris in her single engine Lockheed Vega 5b to emulate Charles Lindbergh's solo flight. After a flight lasting 14h 56m, Earhart landed in a pasture at Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland.

First solo westbound crossing of the Atlantic

August 18–19, 1932. Jim Mollison, flying a de Havilland Puss Moth from Dublin to New Brunswick

Lightest (empty weight) plane that crossed the Atlantic

May 7–8, 1933. Stanisław Skarżyński makes a solo flight across the South Atlantic, covering 3,582 kilometres (2,226 mi), in a RWD-5bis - empty weight below 450 kilograms (990 lb). If considering the total takeoff weight (as per FAI records) then there is a longer distance Atlantic crossing: the distance world record holder, Piper PA-24 Comanche in this class, 1000–1750 kg. [4].

Mass flight

mass transatlantic flight: July 1–15, 1933. Gen. Italo Balbo of Italy leads 24 Savoia-Marchetti S.55X seaplanes 6,100 statute miles (9,800 km), from Orbetello, Italy, to Chicago, Illinois, in 47h 52m.

First around the world solo flight

July 15–22, 1933. Wiley Post flies Lockheed Vega monoplane Winnie Mae 15,596 statute miles (25,099 km) in 7d 8h 49m, with 11 stops; flying time, 115h 36mi.

First transatlantic passenger service on heavier-than air aircraft

Pan American inaugurated transatlantic passenger service using Boeing 314 flying boats on June 24, 1939 between New York and Marseilles, France. On July 8, 1939 a service began between New York and Southampton as well. A single fare was US$375 — equivalent to $5,300 today. Scheduled landplane flights started in October 1945.

First transatlantic flight of non-rigid airships

On June 1, 1944, two K class blimps from Blimp Squadron 14^[13] of the United States Navy (USN) completed the first transatlantic crossing by non-rigid airships.^[14] The two K-ships (K-123 and K-130) left South Weymouth, Massachusetts, on May 28, 1944, and flew approximately 16 hours to Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. From Argentia, the blimps flew approximately 22 hours to Lajes Field on Terceira Island in the Azores. The final leg of the first transatlantic crossing was about a 20-hour flight from the Azores to Craw Field in Port Lyautey (Kenitra), French Morocco.^[15]

First jet aircraft to cross the Atlantic Ocean

July 14, 1948, six de Havilland Vampire F3s of No. 54 Squadron RAF, commanded by Wing Commander D S Wilson-MacDonald, DSO, DFC, flew via Stornoway, Iceland, and Labrador to Montreal on the first leg of a goodwill tour of Canada and the US.

First jet aircraft to make a non-stop transatlantic flight

February 21, 1951. An RAF English Electric Canberra B Mk 2 (serial number WD932) flown by Squadron Leader A Callard of the A&AEE, from Aldergrove Northern Ireland, to Gander, Newfoundland. The flight covered almost 1,800 nautical miles (3,300 km) in 4h 37 m. The aircraft was being flown to the U.S. to act as a pattern aircraft for the Martin B-57 Canberra.

First jet aircraft transatlantic passenger service

British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) flew the first jet airliner service using the de Havilland Comet, when G-APDC initiated the first transatlantic Comet 4 service and the first scheduled transatlantic passenger jet service in history, flying from London to New York with a stopover at Gander on 4 October 1958.

Other early transatlantic flights

• 29 June - 1 July 1927 - Admiral Richard Byrd with crew flies Fokker F.VIIa/3m America from New York City to France.
• 13 July 1928 - Ludwik Idzikowski and Kazimierz Kubala attempt to crossing the Atlantic westbound from Paris to the USA in Amiot 123 biplane, but crash in the Azores.
• 6–9 February 1933. Jim Mollison flies a Puss Moth from Senegal to Brazil, across South Atlantic, becoming the first person to fly solo across the North and South Atlantics.
• 15–17 July 1933 - Lithuanians Steponas Darius and Stasys Girėnas were supposed to make a non-stop flight from New York City via Newfoundland to Kaunas on their plane named Lituanica, but crashed in the forests of Germany after 6411 km of flying, only 650 km short of their final destination. Flying time 37 hours, 11 minutes. They carried the first transatlantic airmail consignment.
• 5 July 1937 - Captain Harold Gray of Pan Am flew from Botwood, Newfoundland to Foynes, Ireland, in a Sikorsky S-42 flying boat as part of the first transatlantic commercial passenger test flights. Captain Arthur Wilcockson of Imperial Airways flew from Foynes to Botwood July 6, 1937 in a Short Empire class flying boat named Caledonia
• 21 July 1938 Short Mercury flew from Foynes, on the west coast of Ireland, to Boucherville,^[16] Montreal, Canada, a flight of 2,930 statute miles (4,720 km). The Short Maia, flown by Captain A.S. Wilcockson, took off carrying Mercury (piloted by Captain, later Air Vice Marshal Don Bennett),^[17] Mercury separating from the carrier aircraft to continue what was to become the first commercial non-stop East-to-West transatlantic flight by a heavier-than-air machine. This initial journey took 20 hrs 21 min at an average ground speed of 144 mph (232 km/h).
• 10 August 1938 - first non-stop flight from Berlin to New York. The Focke-Wulf Fw 200 flew Staaken to Floyd Bennett in 24 hours, 56 minutes and did the return flight three days later in 19 hours, 47 minutes.

Notable transatlantic flights of the 21st century

• 22-23 September 2011 - Mike Blyth and Jean d'Assonville flew a Sling 4 prototype Light Sport Aircraft, registration ZU-TAF, non-stop from Cabo Frio International Airport, Brazil to Cape Town International Airport, South Africa, a distance of 6,222km, in 27 hours. The aircraft departed Cabo Frio carrying 760 litres of Avgas and still had four hours reserve after landing in Cape Town. The crew set course for co-ordinates 34°S 31°W to take advantage of the westerly winds and at the turning point proceeded in an easterly direction, roughly following the 35°S parallel. This took them within 140km north of the most remote inhabited island in the world, Tristan da Cunha. The crew were assisted with weather and wind information throughout the flight by a team member based in Pretoria, South Africa. During the flight people from around the world monitored the aircraft's progress via an IndigoSat aircraft tracker on Google Earth with updates every 6 minutes. The Cabo Frio/Cape Town leg was part of an around the world flight.^[18]

References

External links

• Current North Atlantic Weather and Tracks
• How The Vampires Crossed - a 1948 Flight article on the first jet crossing of the Atlantic