Tonofibril

Tonofibrils are cytoplasmic protein structures in epithelial tissues[1] that converge at desmosomes and hemidesmosomes.

Tonofilaments are also associated with desmosomes (macula adherens), anchoring them to the cytoskeleton.

Composition

They are made of keratin (a type of intermediate filament in the cytoskeleton) tonofilaments.[2] Tonofilaments are keratin intermediate filaments that make up tonofibrils in epithelial tissue.

The protein filaggrin is believed to have an important role in holding them together as tonofibrils.

References

  1. ^ "tonofibril" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  2. ^ Yoon KH, Yoon M, Moir RD, Khuon S, Flitney FW, Goldman RD (April 2001). "Insights into the dynamic properties of keratin intermediate filaments in living epithelial cells". J. Cell Biol. 153 (3): 503–16. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.3.503. PMC 2190576. PMID 11331302. http://www.jcb.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11331302. 

External links

Extracellular matrix
Fibril forming
Other

FACIT: type IX (COL9A1, COL9A2, COL9A3) · type XII (COL12A1) · COL14A1 · COL16A1 · COL19A1 · COL20A1 · COL21A1 · COL22A1

basement membrane: type IV (COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6)

multiplexin: COL15A1 · type XVIII (COL18A1, Endostatin)

transmembrane: COL13A1 · COL17A1 · COL23A1 · COL25A1

other: type VI (COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3) · type VII (COL7A1) · type VIII (COL8A1, COL8A2) · type X (COL10A1) · type XI (COL11A1, COL11A2) · COL27A1 · COL28A1 · COL29A1
alpha (LAMA1, LAMA2, LAMA3, LAMA4, LAMA5) · beta (LAMB1, LAMB2, LAMB3, LAMB4) · gamma (LAMC1, LAMC2, LAMC3)
Other
ALCAM · Elastin (Tropoelastin) · Vitronectin · FRAS1 · FREM2 · Decorin · FAM20C · ECM1 · Matrix gla protein · Tectorin (TECTA, TECTB)
Other
see also diseases
B proteins: BY STRUCTURE: membrane, globular (en, ca, an), fibrous
Human
A1, A2, B, C1, G1, G2
I (MYO1A, MYO1B, MYO1C, MYO1D, MYO1E, MYO1F, MYO1G, MYO1H) · II (MYH1, MYH2, MYH3, MYH4, MYH6, MYH7, MYH7B, MYH8, MYH9, MYH10, MYH11, MYH13, MYH14, MYH15, MYH16) · III (MYO3A, MYO3B) · V (MYO5A, MYO5B, MYO5C) · VI (MYO6) · VII (MYO7A, MYO7B) · IX (MYO9A, MYO9B) · X (MYO10) · XV (MYO15A) · XVIII (MYO18A, MYO18B) · LC (MYL1, MYL2, MYL3, MYL4, MYL5, MYL6, MYL6B, MYL7, MYL9, MYLIP, MYLK, MYLK2, MYLL1)
Other

Tropomodulin (1, 2, 3, 4) · Troponin (T 1 2 3, C 1 2, I 1 2 3) · Tropomyosin (1, 2, 3, 4)

Actinin (1, 2, 3, 4) · Arp2/3 complex · actin depolymerizing factors (Cofilin (1, 2) · Destrin) · Gelsolin · Profilin (1, 2) · Titin
Other
Type 1/2
(Keratin,
Cytokeratin)
Epithelial keratins
(soft alpha-keratins)

type I/chromosome 17 (10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20) · chromosome 12 (18) · none (21)

type II/chromosome 12 (1, 2A, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7, 8, 9)
Hair keratins
(hard alpha-keratins)
Ungrouped alpha
Not alpha
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5
KIF1A, KIF1B, KIF2A, KIF2C, KIF3B, KIF3C, KIF4A, KIF4B, KIF5A, KIF5B, KIF5C, KIF6, KIF7, KIF9, KIF11, KIF12, KIF13A, KIF13B, KIF14, KIF15, KIF16B, KIF17, KIF18A, KIF18B, KIF19, KIF20A, KIF20B, KIF21A, KIF21B, KIF22, KIF23, KIF24, KIF25, KIF26A, KIF26B, KIF27, KIFC1, KIFC2, KIFC3

axonemal: DNAH1, DNAH2, DNAH3, DNAH5, DNAH6, DNAH7, DNAH8, DNAH9, DNAH10, DNAH11, DNAH12, DNAH13, DNAH14, DNAH17, DNAI1, DNAI2, DNALI1, DNAL1, DNAL4

cytoplasmic: DYNC1H1, DYNC2H1, DYNC1I1, DYNC1I2, DYNC1LI1, DYNC1LI2, DYNC2LI1, DYNLL1, DYNLL2, DYNLRB1, DYNLRB2, DYNLT1, DYNLT3
Other
Tau protein · Dynactin (DCTN1) · Tubulins (TUBA1A, TUBA1B, TUBA1C, TUBA3C, TUBA3D, TUBA3E, TUBA4A, TUBA8) · Stathmin · Tektin (TEKT1, TEKT2, TEKT3, TEKT4, TEKT5) · Dynamin (DNM1, DNM2, DNM3)
Other
Nonhuman
see also cytoskeletal defects
B strc: edmb (perx), skel (ctrs), epit, cili, mito, nucl (chro)
Lateral/cell-cell
Basal/cell-matrix
Apical
B strc: edmb (perx), skel (ctrs), epit, cili, mito, nucl (chro)