Scottish Travellers, or the people termed loosely Gypsies and Tinkers in Scotland, consist of a number of diverse, unrelated communities, with groups speaking a variety of different languages and holding to distinct customs, histories, and traditions. There are six distinct communities that identify themselves as Gypsies or Travellers in Scotland: Indigenous Highland Travellers; Funfair Travellers, or Showmen; Romanichals (a subgroup of the Romani people) and Lowland Scottish travellers. In modern times, Irish Traveller; New Age travellers and Romani people from continental Europe (especially Roma) have emigrated to Scotland.
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Origins of Scottish lowland travellers is not clear, and can be categorized into three main theories, i) those of indigenous origin to the British Isles, like the Scottish Highland and Irish traveller communities, ii) they are of Indian origin and have a common ancestry with the English Romanichal, and continental Romani groups,[1] iii) or a fusion or mix of Romani and indigenous traveller groups.[1] Regardless of the accepted theories, there has been a certain degree of socio-biological fusion historically between Romani groups and indigenous Scottish travellers, perhaps from the outset of Romani groups arriving in Scotland in the early 16th century.[1] and there are Scottish travellers with at least some degree of Romani including Romanichal ancestry.[1][2] This is not uncommon and can be seen in other groups throughout Europe including the Yeniche people and Norwegian and Swedish Travellers (the latter Romanisæl who are themselves descended from Romani groups from Scotland).[3]
Lowland Scottish Travellers share many cultural features with European Gypsy communities such as a belief in the importance of family and family descent, a strong valuing and involvement with extended family and family events, a preference for self-employment, purity taboos (among the Romani people the purity taboos are part of the Romanipen) and a strong commitment to a nomadic lifestyle.
Written evidence for the earliest presence of Gypsies in Britain more specifically to the Scottish Lowlands can be dated to 1505, in the reign of James IV, when an entry in the Book of the Lord High Treasurer records a payment to Peter Ker of four shillings, to go to the king at Hunthall, to get letters subscribed to the 'King of Rowmais'. Two days after, a payment of twenty pounds was made at the king's command to the messenger of the 'King of Rowmais'.[4][5] A group of Roma danced before the Scottish king at Holyrood Palace in 1530, and Romani herbalist called Baptista cured the king of an ailment.[5] Romany migration to Scotland continued and in the 16th century as some groups were expelled from England resulting in their migration across the border to Scotland.[6][7] Records in Dundee c.1651 shows the migrations of small groups of people called by the name of Egyptians in the Highlands, and are noted to be of the same nature as of the English Gypsies.[8] By 1612 communities are recorded as far as Scalloway in the Shetland islands.[6][9] The Finnish Kale a Romani group in Finland, maintain that their ancestors had originally were a Romani group who travelled from Scotland,[10] thereby supporting the idea that they and the Scandinavian Travellers are distantly related to present-day Scottish gypsies and Romanichals. Romani population in the south of Scotland, enjoyed the protection of the Roslyn family and made an encampment within the castle grounds. However as with its neighbour England, the Scottish parliament in 1609 passed an act against Romani groups known as the “Act against the Egyptians”;[7] that made it lawful to condemn, detain and execute Gypsies on proof solely if they are known or reputed to be Romanies on regards to their ethnic origins.[6]
The Lowland Travellers speak a form of non-standard Scots language, called Cant, includes many words in common with Romani including Anglo-Romany words. Between 25-35% of Scottish Cant originates in a Romani-derived lexicon.[11] Containing up to 50% or more Romani loan words in some groups of the Central Belt of Scotland, those who are Romanichal or Scottish border Gypsies.[11] Which demonstrates the intermarriage and links between Scottish travelers and English Romani populations, historically and in recent times.[12] This can be seen as some people from the Scottish travelling community are even members of Romani organisations based in England and are a minority group in Scotland.[1] Includes Romanies of English heritage in Scotland,[1][13][14] Scottish phonology however differs in some respects from that of Angloromany, and there are items of Romani origin which some researchers have referred as Scoto-Romani,[15] which has not been recorded in the other Romani languages of Britain, suggesting an earlier history for the Scottish Romani population and grouping other than that of being an indigenous group. The earliest texts survive from the 16th century [11] perhaps to the late Medieval and may represent one of the oldest of the component traveller dialects of the British Isles.[16] More research is needed into the Scottish traveller Cant variant.
Scotland has had a Romanichal population for at least 500 years, they are a distinct group from the Highland traveller and share a common language and heritage with the English Gypsies and Welsh Kale, who are also Romani. The first official mention of Travellers in Britain was in 1505, when it was recorded that seven pounds were paid to 'Egyptians' by King James IV at Stirling. They enjoyed a privileged place in Scottish society until the Reformation, when their wandering lifestyle and exotic culture brought severe persecution upon them. Romani populations from other parts of Britain often travel in Scotland. These include English Romanies and Welsh Kale. English Gypsies/Travellers from the north of England mainly in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and Cumbria as well as an annual gathering at Appleby Horse Fair may be part of common communities with Scottish Travellers living in the Lowlands and borders. Romanichal traders were upwardly mobile, by 1830 travelled to the potteries in Staffordshire and buying china and other goods, selling the items chiefly in Northumberland, while based in Kirk Yetholm in Roxburghshire.[19] Some people from the Scottish travelling community are even members of Romani organisations based in England and are a minority group in Scotland.[1] Includes Romanies of English heritage in Scotland,[1][14][13]
In recent years a variety of European Roma, descended from the same people as British Romani Gypsies, are Gypsies/Travellers who have moved here from Central and Eastern Europe, and are also a recognised ethnic minority group. Some have arrived as asylum seekers and refugees, fleeing persecution abroad.
In Scottish Gaelic they are known as the Ceàrdannan ("the Craftsmen").[20] The English term 'travelling people' has been adopted into contemporary Gaelic as luchd siubhail (people of travel) but this is a wider term covering other groups of travellers too and it still has to gain full currency and comprehension amongst ordinary Gaelic speakers. Poetically known as the Summer Walkers, Highland Travellers are a distinct ethnic group and may be referred to as traivellers, traivellin fowk, in Scots, tinkers, originating from the Gaelic tinceard or (tinsmith) or "Black Tinkers".[20] Mistakenly the settled Scottish population may call all travelling and Romani groups tinkers, which is usually regarded as pejorative, and contemptuously as tinks or tinkies.[21]
Highland Travellers are closely tied to the native Highlands, and many traveller families carry clan names like Macfie,[22] Stewart, MacDonald, Cameron, Williamson and Macmillan. They follow a nomadic or settled lifestyle; passing from village to village and are more strongly identified with the native Gaelic speaking population. Continuing their nomadic life, they would pitch their bow-tents on rough ground on the edge of the village and earn money there as tinsmiths, hawkers, horse dealers or pearl-fishermen. Many found seasonal employment on farms, e.g. at the berry picking or during harvest. Since the 1950s, however, the majority of Highland Travellers have settled down into organized campsites or regular houses.
Adam Smith, the economist and philosopher, was reportedly kidnapped by Highland Travellers at a young age before quickly being freed.[23][24]
The Highland Travellers' speech includes an acrolect called 'Beurla-reagaird'. It is related to the Irish Traveller Shelta as a creol of the Goidelic language group. It was used as a cultural identifier, just as Roma used the Romani language. However like the Highland Traveller the language is unrelated to the Romani languages.
The Highland Traveller community has a long history in Scotland going back, at least in record, to the 12th century,[25] and share a similar heritage, although are distinct from the Irish Travellers. As with their Irish counterparts, there are several theories regarding the origin of Scottish Highland travellers, one being they are descended from the Picts,[25] excommunicated clergy,[25] to families fleeing the Highland potato famine, or the pre-Norman-Invasion,[25] have been claimed at different times. Highland travellers are distinct both culturally and linguistically from other Gypsy groups like the Romani, including the Romanichal, Lowland Scottish Travellers, Eastern European Roma and Welsh Kale groups. Several other European groups are related to the Scottish Highland Travellers, and share similarities to other non-Romany groups across Europe, namely the Yeniches, Woonwagenbewoners in Holland, and Landfahrer in Germany. As with Norwegian and Swedish Travellers, Highland travellers origins may be more complex and difficult to ascertain and left no written records of their own.
As an indigenous group Highland Travellers have played an essential role in the preservation of traditional Gaelic culture.[26] Travellers' outstanding contribution to Highland life has been as custodians of an ancient and vital singing, storytelling and folklore tradition of great importance. It is estimated that only 2,000 Scottish travellers continue to lead their traditional lifestyle on the roads.
Funfair or travelling showmen are a community of travellers officially called occupational Travellers, that can be categorized broadly defined as a business community of travelling show, circus communities and fairground families. Occupational travellers travel for work across Scotland, the rest of the UK and into Europe. The Show/Fairground community is close knit, with ties often existing between the older Romanichal families, although showmen families are a distinct group and have a vibrant social scene centered both around the summer fairs and the various sites and yards used as winter quarters. Many Scottish show and fairground families live in winter communities based mainly in the east end of Glasgow. Housing an estimated 80% of all showfamilies Glasgow is believed to have the largest concentration of Showmen funfair quarters in Europe, centred mostly in Shettleston, Whiteinch and Carntyne.
Showmen families have a strong cultural identity as ‘Scottish Showmen’, as well as long histories within these communities. Scottish Showmen are members of an organisation called Showmen's Guild of Great Britain and Ireland, and are known within the UK as the “Scottish Section” of a wider British showman community.[29] As with other showmen communities they call non-travellers including members of the public, and other non related travelling groups including Romanichal, Roma, Scottish Lowland traveller/Gypsy groups, and Highland traveller, Irish Travellers as “Flatties” or non-`showmen’ travellers in their own Polari language.[30] The label of "Flattie-Traveller" can include showmen who have left the traditional way of life to settle down and lead a sedentary lifestyle.
Fairs in Scotland have been held from the early Middle Ages, and traditionally brought together the important elements of medieval trade and a festival. Many of the common markets and fairs are rooted in ancient times, from the medieval period or earlier, and are said to be 'prescriptive fairs'. Other fairs will have been granted a royal charter to cement their importance and secure their future, and these are known as Charter fairs. In the Middle Ages the Royal charters gave the fairs legal status and developed their economic importance. The majority of fairs held in Scotland and the rest of the British Isles can trace their ancestry to charters granted in the medieval period. Traders would travel long distances to sell their goods, as did travelling musicians and entertainers who kept both the traders and customers entertained. In the thirteenth century, the creation of fairs by royal charter was widespread. Between 1199 and 1350 charters were issued granting the rights to hold markets or fairs. Kirkcaldy links market remains the premier funfair in Scotland, evolving from a charter granted by Edward I in 1304. By the early 18th century the main aspect of these Scottish charter fairs had diminished and shifted to that of amusement with the advent of technology, and had evolved into the modern day travelling fairs.
The modern travelling showmen have as strong a family history and heritage as do their counterparts in Wales and England. Fairs in Scotland are presented around the same time as they are in the rest of Great Britain with a similar mixture of Charter, Prescriptive and private business fairs. The run of fairs include Buckie fair, Inverness, Kirkcaldy links market and the historic fairs held at Dundee and Arbroath. Annually a team of young showmen from both Scotland and England play an “international football match” known as the international,[31] where trophies and caps are held in high esteem. A Showman newspaper; World's Fair is in circulation and available to showmen and non showmen alike.[31]
The language of the Showmen or Parlyee, is based on a cant slang spoken throughout the U.K. by Scottish, English and Welsh showfamilies. It is a mixture of Mediterranean Lingua Franca, Romany, Yiddish, Cant London slang and backslang). The language has been spoken in fairgrounds and theatrical entertainment since at least the 17th century.[32] As theatrical booths, circus acts and menageries were once a common part of European fairs it is likely that the roots of Polari/Parlyaree lie in the period before both theatre and circus became independent of the fairgrounds. The Parlyaree spoken on fairgrounds tends to borrow much more from Romany, as well as other languages and argots spoken by other travelling groups, such as cant and backslang.
Irish Travellers are a distinct Irish social group with their own customs, language and traditions. Many live in the UK for all or part of the year. Like Gypsies they are a recognised ethnic minority group.
New Age or New Travellers choose to live an alternative travelling lifestyle for ideological reasons, for example, because they want to live in a more 'green' way. New Age Travellers have existed since the 1970s, so some are now second or third generation Travellers.[33][34][35][36]