Timeline for aircraft carrier service
Aircraft carriers have their origins during the days of World War I. The earliest experiments constisted of fitting temporary "flying off" platforms to the gun turrets of the warships of several nations, notably the United States and the United Kingdom. The first ship to be modified with a permanent flight deck was the light cruiser HMS Furious which initially had a single flying off deck forward of the original superstructure. Subsequently she was modified with a separate "landing on" deck aft and later with a full flush deck. Other ships, often liners, were modified to have full flush flight decks, HMS Argus being the first to have such modification begun. Those first faltering steps gave little indication of just how important the aircraft carrier was to prove to be. During the inter-war years (between the World Wars), Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States built up significant carrier fleets so that by the beginning of World War II, they had 18 carriers between them. The 1940 Battle of Taranto and the 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor in retrospect showed the world that the aircraft carrier was to be the most important ship in the modern fleet. Today, aircraft carriers are the capital ships of the navies they serve in, and in the case of modern US "supercarriers", they embark an airgroup that is effectively a small air force.
This timeline is an attempt to provide a unified chronology of key dates[I] in carrier service. Aircraft carriers[II] often serve their navies for many decades and this chronology[III] enables the reader to track the progress of the carrier as it has developed alongside the evolution of aircraft for nearly a hundred years.
Pre-Carrier History
1907
- The British Admiralty, according to legend, politely refused the Wright brothers' offer to sell them one or more aircraft, by saying that they could see no place for aviation in naval circles.[1][IV]
1910
1911
- 18 January — First deck landing, using a temporary wooden platform on USS Pennsylvania; first use of a tailhook-arrested landing system.[1]
1912
- January — First launch of an aircraft from a British ship, HMS Africa.[3]
- 2 May — First recorded flight from a moving ship, HMS Hibernia, steaming at 10.5 knots.[4]
World War I
1914
1915
1916
1917
- February — Incomplete large light cruiser HMS Furious has its forward gun replaced with a flying-off deck.[10]
- 19 July — Tondern raid, the first attack by aircraft launched from a carrier flight deck.
- 2 August — First aircraft landing aboard a moving ship, HMS Furious; this ship was subsequently modified with a stern-mounted landing deck in late 1917.[10]
- 21 August — First air to air kill from a ship launched aircraft, Zeppelin L23 shot down by a Sopwith Pup from cruiser HMS Yarmouth.[8]
- 2 December — HMS Argus launched.[9]
1918
- 15 January — HMS Hermes laid down;[11] Hermes was the first ship specifically designed to be built as an aircraft carrier and the first carrier to feature an island superstructure.[4][12]
- 28 February — Incomplete Chilean battleship Almirante Cochrane purchased by the Royal Navy to be completed as the carrier HMS Eagle.[13]
- 8 June — HMS Eagle launched.[13]
- 9 July — First strike by aircraft launched from a carrier, the Tondern raid.[8]
- 14 September — HMS Argus commissioned.[4]
- 11 November — Armistice signed, signalling the end of WWI.
Between the wars
1919
- 11 July — USS Jupiter authorised to be converted to a carrier.[14]
- 11 September — HMS Hermes launched.[11]
- 16 December — Hōshō laid down, possibly as the tanker Hiryu.[15]
1920
1921
- 13 November — Hōshō launched.[15]
1922
1923
1924
1925
- Light cruiser HMS Glorious carrier conversion started.[19]
- 7 April — USS Saratoga launched.[14]
- 22 April — Akagi launched.[16]
- 1 July — First night deck landing made by F/Lt Boyce flying a Blackburn Dart onto HMS Furious[8]
- September — HMS Furious re-enters service with flush flight deck.[10]
- 3 October — USS Lexington launched.[14]
1926
1927
- 25 March — Akagi commissioned[16]
- May — Béarn commissioned.[17]
- 16 November — USS Saratoga commissioned.[14]
- 14 December — USS Lexington commissioned.[14]
1928
- 5 May — HMS Courageous commissioned as a carrier;[19] first carrier to be fitted with transverse arrestor gear (friction-based).[21]
- 31 March — Kaga commissioned.[18]
1929
1930
- 10 March — HMS Glorious recommissioned as an aircraft carrier.[19]
- March — HMS Argus placed in reserve.[23]
1931
- 2 January — First carrier fitted with hydraulic arresting gear, HMS Courageous.[4]
- 2 April — Ryūjō launched.[22]
- 26 September – USS Ranger laid down.[24]
1933
- 25 February — USS Ranger launched.[24]
- 9 May — Ryūjō commissioned.[22]
1934
1935
- 9 September – First landing of a rotary winged aircraft aboard a carrier – a Cierva autogyro onto HMS Furious[8]
- 16 September — HMS Ark Royal laid down.[27]
- 21 December — Sōryū launched.[26]
1936
1937
1938
1939
World War II
1939
1940
- Idzumo Maru carrier conversion started, renamed Hiyō.[35]
- Kashiwara Maru carrier conversion started, renamed Junyō.[35]
- HMS Argus recommissioned as training and transport carrier.[9]
- 28 February — Flugzeugträger B cancelled while under construction.[32]
- 26 March — HMS Indomitable launched.[29]
- 25 April — USS Wasp commissioned.[14]
- May — Graf Zeppelin construction temporarily suspended.[28]
- 25 May — HMS Illustrious commissioned;[29] first fully armoured carrier.[4]
- June — Béarn interned at Martinique.[17]
- 18 June — HMS Glorious sunk in action.[19]
- 21 June — Attack on Scharnhorst, first ever torpedo attack by aircraft on a capital ship at sea.[36]
- 25 June — France falls to Germany.
- 11 November — Battle of Taranto witnessed the first carrier-based torpedo-bomber attack.[4]
- 24 November — HMS Formidable commissioned.[29]
- 14 December — USS Hornet launched.[14]
- 27 December — Takasaki carrier conversion completed, commissioned as Zuihō.[31]
1941
- 10 July — Taihō laid down.[41]
- 15 July — USS Cabot laid down.[14]
- 8 August — Shōkaku commissioned.[30]
- 2 September — Kasuga Maru carrier conversion completed.[42]
- 15 September — USS Bunker Hill laid down;[38] Kasuga Maru commissioned as Taiyō[43][39]
- 25 September — Zuikaku commissioned.[30]
- 10 October — HMS Indomitable commissioned.[29]
- 20 October — USS Hornet commissioned.[14]
- 13 November — HMS Ark Royal sunk in action.[27]
1942
- 8 May — USS Lexington sunk in action;[14] Battle of the Coral Sea ends.
- 31 May — Yawata Maru carrier conversion completed, commissioned as Unyō.[43]
- June — Incomplete Yamato class battleship Shinano carrier conversion started.[42]
- 1 June — HMS Colossus laid down,[46] and HMS Edgar laid down.[46]
- 4 June — Battle of Midway commenced, generally considered to be the most important naval battle in the Pacific during World War II; Akagi[16], Kaga[18], Sōryū[26] severely damaged in action,[42] with Kaga and Sōryū subsequently scuttled.[42]
- 5 June — Hiryū sunk in action[26], Akagi[16] scuttled.
- 7 June — USS Yorktown sunk in action;[14] Battle of Midway ended.
- 16 June — USS Cabot renamed USS Lexington.[14]
- 23 June — USS Wilmington renamed USS Cabot.[45]
- 31 December — USS Essex commissioned.[44]
1943
- 17 June — USS Monterey commissioned.[14]
- 30 June — Béarn transferred to the Free French forces.[17]
- 5 July – Ikoma laid down.[47]
- 24 July — USS Cabot commissioned.[45]
- 29 July — HMS Magnificent laid down.[53][12]
- 1 August — USS Bataan launched.[44]
- 16 August — USS Intrepid commissioned.[14]
- 17 August — USS Wasp launched.[14]
- 30 August — USS Hornet launched.[14]
- 31 August — USS Langley commissioned.[14]
- September – Incomplete carrier Aquila taken over by Germany after Italian surrender, but never completed[37]
- 7 September — USS Valley Forge (CV-45) laid down.[24]
- 13 September — USS Boxer laid down.[44]
- 14 September — USS Valley Forge (CV-37) laid down.[14]
- 25 September — Unryū launched.[47]
- 26 September — USS San Jacinto launched.[14]
- 30 September — HMS Colossus launched.[54]
- 12 October — HMS Hercules laid down.[54]
- 14 October — USS Franklin launched.[24]
- 15 October — Amagi launched.[47]
- 18 October — HMS Leviathan laid down.[46]
- 27 October — USS Midway laid down.[14]
- 31 October — Chiyoda carrier conversion completed, recommissioned.[55]
- 15 November — ex SS Scharnhorst commissioned as Shinyo;[42] USS San Jacinto commissioned.[14]
- 17 November — USS Bataan commissioned.[44]
- 23 November — Argentina Maru carrier conversion completed, commissioned as Kaiyo.[56]
- 24 November — USS Wasp commissioned.[14]
- 27 November — HMS Glory launched,[46]HMS Powerful laid down.[12][53]
- 29 November — USS Hornet commissioned.[14]
- 1 December — USS Coral Sea laid down.[57]
- 4 December — Chūyō sunk in action.[43]
- 30 December — HMS Venerable launched.[46]
1944
- 1 January — Chitose carrier conversion completed, commissioned.[55]
- 19 January — Katsuragi launched.[47]
- 24 January — USS Hancock launched.[14]
- 31 January — USS Franklin commissioned.[14]
- 7 February — USS Ticonderoga launched.[14]
- 21 February — USS Crown Point laid down.[14]
- 23 February — HMS Vengeance launched.[49]
- 24 February — USS Shangri-La launched.[14]
- 26 February — USS Bennington launched.[14]
- 1 March — USS Tarawa,[14]USS Kearsarge laid down.[38]
- 7 March — Taihō commissioned.[41]
- 23 March — HMS Albion laid down.[58][59]
- 25 March — First deck landing by a twin engined aircraft, a Mosquito on HMS Indefatigable.[4]
- 26 March — HMS Edgar launched.[46]
- 15 April — USS Hancock commissioned.[14]
- 29 April — USS Bon Homme Richard launched.[14]
- 1 May — USS Oriskany laid down.[14]
- 8 October — Shinano launched.[62]
- 9 October — USS Randolph commissioned.[14]
- 15 October — Katsuragi commissioned.[42]
- 19 October – Kasagi launched, never completed and broken up after the war.[47]
- 24 October — USS Princeton sunk in action.[14]
- 25 October — Chitose,[55] Chiyoda,[55] Zuihō[31] and Zuikaku[30] sunk in action.
- 1 November – Aso launched, never completed and broken up after the war.[47]
- 2 November — USS Lake Champlain launched.[14]
- 16 November — HMS Magnificent launched.[53]
- 17 November — Ikoma launched, never completed and broken up after the war;[47] Shinyo sunk in action.[56]
- 18 November — USS Valley Forge (CV-45) launched.
- 19 November — Shinano commissioned.[42]
- 21 November — USS Valley Forge (CV-37) renamed USS Princeton.[14]
- 26 November — USS Bon Homme Richard commissioned.[14]
- 29 November — Shinano sunk in action.[62]
- December — HMS Argus designated an accommodation ship.[9]
- 14 December — USS Boxer launched.[44]
- 16 December — HMS Colossus commissioned.[46]
- 19 December — Unryū sunk in action.[47]
1945
- 15 January — HMS Vengeance commissioned.[49]
- 28 January — USS Antietam commissioned.[24]
- 8 February — HMS Mars commissioned as HMS Pioneer.[46]
- 27 February — HMS Powerful launched (construction suspended at end of WWII).[53]
- 28 February — HMS Majestic launched.[51]
- 17 January — HMS Venerable commissioned.[46]
- March – Ryūhō severely damaged by US air attack.[50]
- 20 March — USS Midway launched.[14]
- 2 April — HMS Glory commissioned.[46]
- 9 April — Escort carrier HMS Biter returned to U.S. Navy, immediately transferred to France, recommissioned as Dixmude.[17]
- 16 April — USS Boxer commissioned.[44]
- 20 April — Ryūhō placed in reserve.[42]
- 25 April — Incomplete Graf Zeppelin scuttled by Germany.[63]
- 29 April — USS Coral Sea launched.[14]
- 5 May — USS Kearsarge launched.[14]
- 7 May — Nazi Germany surrenders.
- 8 May — USS Crown Point renamed USS Leyte,[14] USS Coral Sea renamed USS Franklin D. Roosevelt.[14]
- 12 May — USS Tarawa launched.[14]
- 10 May — HMS Bulwark laid down.[64]
- 3 June — USS Lake Champlain commissioned.[14]
- 7 June — HMS Leviathan launched (ship never completed).[54]
- 8 July — USS Princeton and USS Saipan launched.[14]
- 24 July — Amagi heavily damaged during air raid.[42]
- 25 July — Kaiyo, having been damaged in action the previous day, is deliberately grounded and later refloated.[42]
- 28 July — Kaiyo further damaged in action, settles on bottom with 20-degree list to port.[42]
- 29 July — Attempts to refloat Kaiyo abandoned.[42]
- 29 July — Amagi capsized.[42]
- 6 August — U.S. nuclear strike on Hiroshima.
- 8 August — HMS Ocean commissioned.[46]
- 9 August — Last of caretaker crew leave Kaiyo;[42] U.S. nuclear strike on Nagasaki.
- 12 August — USS Reprisal canceled.[14]
- 15 August — Japan surrenders WWII ends.
Post-war 1945–1949
1945
- USS Reprisal (incomplete) launched to clear slipway.[14]
- 23 August — USS Leyte launched.[14]
- 1 September — USS Wright launched.[14]
- 5 September — USS Philippine Sea launched.[14]
- 10 September — USS Midway commissioned.[14]
- 22 September — HMS Hercules launched, laid up for possible future use.[54]
- 13 October — USS Oriskany launched;[14] Katsuragi assigned to repatriation duty.[42]
- 19 October — HMS Edgar renamed and commissioned as HMS Perseus.[46]
- 27 October — USS Franklin D. Roosevelt commissioned.[14]
- 18 November — USS Princeton commissioned.[14]
- 20 November — Kaiyo decommissioned.[42]
- 30 November — Junyō and Ryūhō decommissioned.[42]
- 3 December — First landing by a jet-powered aircraft on a carrier, HMS Ocean.[65]
- 8 December — USS Tarawa commissioned.[14]
1946
- Ryūhō sold for scrap.[50]
- HMS Unicorn decommissioned and placed in reserve;[34]
- January — HMS Audacious renamed HMS Eagle.[48]
- 9 February — HMS Theseus commissioned.[46]
- March — Graf Zeppelin refloated by the Soviet Union, repaired, and designated "PO-101" (Floating Base Number 101).[32]
- 2 March — USS Kearsarge commissioned.[14]
- 14 Mar — HMS Warrior commissioned as HMCS Warrior.[66]
- 19 March — HMS Eagle launched.[48]
- April — Katsuragi placed on standby.[42]
- 2 April — USS Coral Sea launched.[44]
- 11 April — USS Leyte commissioned.[14]
- 9 May — HMS Triumph commissioned.[46]
- 11 May — USS Philippine Sea commissioned.[14]
- 1 July — USS Independence and USS Saratoga used during a Bikini Atoll atomic test; both ships were damaged, but survived the test.[14]
- 14 July — USS Saipan commissioned.[14]
- 21 July — FH Phantom became the first purely jet-powered aircraft to operate from an American aircraft carrier.
- 25 July — USS Saratoga sunk by an underwater atomic bomb test at Bikini Island.[14]
- 6 August — HMS Colossus renamed Arromanches and loaned to France.[17]
- 16 August — Hōshō decommissioned.[15]
- 28 August — USS Independence decommissioned.[14]
- September — First helicopter landing aboard a naval escort vessel at sea.[8]
- 1 September — Hulk of Kaiyo sold for scrap.[42]
- 18 October — USS Ranger decommissioned.[24]
- 3 November — USS Valley Forge commissioned.[14]
- 8 November — USS Bennington decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 15 November — Katsuragi decommissioned.[42]
- December — HMS Indefatigable decommissioned.[48]
[12]
1947
- HM Ships Indomitable[12] & Formidable[29] placed in reserve.
- HM Ships Majestic and Terrible purchased by Australia.[67]
- Junyō sold for scrap.[35]
- 9 January — USS Essex,[24] USS Yorktown,[14] USS Bon Homme Richard,[14] USS Bunker Hill,[14] and USS Ticonderoga[14] decommissioned, placed in reserve.
- 13 January — USS Belleau Wood and USS Cowpens decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 15 January — USS Hornet decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 28 January — USS Ranger sold for scrap.[24]
- 9 February — USS Wright commissioned.[14]
- 11 February — USS Cabot, USS Monterey,[14] USS Langley, and USS Bataan decommissioned, placed in reserve.[24]
- 17 February — USS Lake Champlain,[14] USS Enterprise,[14] USS Franklin,[24] and USS Wasp[14] decommissioned, placed in reserve.
- 1 March — USS San Jacinto decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 22 March — USS Intrepid decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- April — HMS Venerable decommissioned, placed in reserve.[68]
- 22 April – HMS Centaur launched.[58]
- 23 April — USS Lexington decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 30 April — Hōshō sold for scrap.[15]
- 6 May — HMS Albion launched.[58][59]
- 9 May — USS Hancock decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 16 August — Graf Zeppelin sunk in target practice by the Soviet Union.[32]
- 12 August — USS Oriskany construction suspended.[14]
- 1 October — USS Coral Sea commissioned.[44]
- 7 November — USS Shangri-La decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
1948
- January — HMS Furious sold for scrap.[60][12]
- 25 February — USS Randolph decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 21 March — HMS Magnificent loaned to Canada and commissioned as HMCS Magnificent.[53]
- 23 March — HMS Warrior returned to UK.[53]
- May — HMS Venerable sold to Netherlands.[69]
- 28 May — HMS Venerable recommissioned as HNLMS Karel Doorman.[69]
- 20 June — USS Princeton decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 22 June — HMS Bulwark launched.[58]
- 24 June — Soviet blockade of Berlin increased tensions in what would become the Cold War between NATO-allied nations and the Warsaw Pact.
- 27 October — USS Cabot recommissioned.[14]
- November — HMS Warrior recommissioned, fitted with a rubber deck for trials.[46]
- 16 December — HMS Terrible commissioned as HMAS Sydney.[52]
1949
- HMS Unicorn recommissioned as transport carrier.[34]
- Dixmude converted for use as a transport.[14]
- 18 April — USS United States laid down.[14]
- 4 April — NATO alliance formed.
- 23 April — USS United States cancelled.[14]
- 21 June — USS Antietam decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 30 June — USS Tarawa decommissioned, placed in reserve.[24]
- 2 August — USS Reprisal (incomplete) sold for scrap.[14]
1950–1959
1950
- HMS Indomitable recommissioned;[12] HMS Indefatigable recommissioned as a training ship.[33]
- 3 May — HMS Ark Royal launched.[48]
- 13 May — USS Bataan recommissioned.[24]
- June — USS Oriskany construction resumed.[14]
- 16 June — USS Kearsarge decommissioned, taken in hand for modernisation.[14]
- 25 June — Korean War begins.
- 28 August — USS Princeton recommissioned.[14]
- 15 September — USS Monterey recommissioned.[14]
- 25 September — USS Oriskany commissioned.[14]
1951
- Aquila sold for scrap[37]
- Aromanches purchased by France.[17]
- January — USS Langley loaned to France.[40]
- 15 January — USS Bon Homme Richard recommissioned.[14]
- 16 January — USS Essex recommissioned.[24]
- 17 January — USS Antietam recommissioned.[38]
- 29 January — USS Independence sunk in weapons tests.[14]
- 3 February — USS Tarawa recommissioned.[14]
- 20 March — USS Hornet recommissioned.[14]
- 10 May — USS Shangri-La recommissioned.[14]
- 12 May — USS Hornet decommissioned for conversion to CVA.[14]
- 6 June — USS Langley recommissioned as La Fayette.[17]
- July — First trials of a steam catapult, on HMS Perseus.[65][70]
- 31 July — HMS Vidal launched, first small ship designed to carry a helicoptes.[8]—
- 10 September — USS Wasp recommissioned as CVA.[14]
- 1 October — HMS Eagle commissioned.[48]
1952
- First trial of angled flight deck, on HMS Triumph.[65][70]
- First trial of mirror landing aid, on HMS Illustrious.[65][71]
- 9 February — USS Intrepid recommissioned.[14]
- 15 February — USS Kearsarge recommissioned.[14]
- 31 January — USS Ticonderoga recommissioned.[14]
- 4 April — USS Ticonderoga decommissioned for conversion to CVA.[14]
- 9 April — USS Intrepid decommissioned for conversion to CVA.[14]
- 23 April — HMS Powerful sold to Canada, work recommenced.[12][53]
- 14 July — USS Forrestal laid down.[44]
- 19 September — USS Lake Champlain recommissioned.[14]
- October — USS Boxer reclassified CVA.[14]
- 13 November — HMS Vengeance loaned to Australia, recommissioned as HMAS Vengeance;[49] USS Bennington recommissioned as CVA.[14]
- 14 November — USS Shangri-La decommissioned for modernisation.[14]
- 16 December — USS Saratoga laid down.[14]
1953
- HMS Formidable sold for scrap.[29]
- HMS Unicorn decommissioned, placed in reserve.[34]
- 16 February — HMS Hermes launched.[58]
- 20 February — USS Yorktown recommissioned.[14]
- May — HMS Indomitable sold for scrap.[29]
- 15 May — USS Bon Homme Richard decommissioned, commenced extensive refit.[14]
- 1 July — USS Randolph recommissioned.[14]
- 27 July — Korean War fighting ends with the Korean armistice agreement.
- 1 September – HMS Centaur launched.[58]
- 5 September — USS Belleau Wood loaned to France.[14]
- 5 September — USS Belleau Wood recommissioned as Bois Belleau.[17]
- 11 September — USS Hornet recommissioned.[14]
1954
- HMS Perseus decommissioned, placed in reserve.[72]
- Mid 1954 — HM Ships Implacable & Indefatigabledecommissioned.[33]
- 15 February — USS Hancock recommissioned as CVA.[14]
- 9 April — USS Bataan decommissioned, placed in reserve.[44]
- 23 April – USS Franklin D Roosevelt decommissioned for modernisation.[14]
- 26 May — HMS Albion commissioned.[58][59]
- 18 June — USS Intrepid recommissioned in reserve.[14]
- 1 August — First Indochina War ends.
- 2 August — USS Ranger laid down.[14]
- September — HMS Pioneer decommissioned and sold for scrap;[46][12]
- 11 September — USS Ticonderoga recommissioned after modernisation.[14]
- 15 October — USS Intrepid returned to full commission.[14]
- 4 November — HMS Bulwark commissioned.[58]
- December — HMS Illustrious decommissioned.[29][12]
- 11 December — USS Forrestal launched.[44]
1955
- 10 January — USS Shangri-La recommissioned.[14]
- 21 January — USS Cabot decommissioned, placed in reserve.[45]
- 25 February — HMS Ark Royal commissioned.[48]
- 6 April – USS Franklin D Roosevelt recommissioned with angled flight deck, steam catapult and hurrican bow.[14]
- 14 May — Warsaw Pact formed.
- July — USS Midway decommissioned for modernisation.[24]
- 1 July — USS Independence laid down.[44]
- 13 August — HMS Vengeance returned to UK.[46][12]
- 15 August — USS Lexington recommissioned as CVA.[14]
- 6 September — USS Bon Homme Richard recommissioned.[14]
- 29 September — USS Forrestal commissioned.[44]
- 8 October — USS Saratoga launched.[14]
- 25 October — HMAS Vengeance decommissioned.[49]
- 26 October — HMS Majestic christened as HMAS Majestic.[73]
- 28 October — HMAS Majestic renamed and commissioned as HMAS Melbourne;[74] HMS Vengeance recommissioned in reserve.[49]
- November – HMS Implacable sold for scrap.[33]
- 1 November — Clemenceau (France) laid down.[17]
- 15 November — USS Boxer reclassified as CVS.[14]
1956
- HMS Indefatigable sold for scrap.[33]
- HMS Glory decommissioned, placed in reserve.[46][12]
- 16 January — USS Monterey decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 15 March — USS Wright decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 13 April — USS Hancock decommissioned.[14]
- 14 April — USS Saratoga commissioned.[14]
- 26 September — USS Ranger launched.[14]
- 29 October — Suez Crisis begins.
- 3 November — HMS Illustrious sold for scrap.[29]
- 15 November — USS Hancock recommissioned.[14]
1957
- HMS Theseus decommissioned, placed in reserve.[46]
- January — HMS Hercules sold to India, construction restarted.[76]
- 2 January — USS Oriskany decommissioned, started modernisation.[14]
- 17 January — HMS Powerful commissioned as HMCS Bonaventure.[53]
- 15 February — Foch (France) laid down.[77]
- 24 May — USS Coral Sea decommissioned for modernisation.[14]
- 14 June — HMCS Magnificent returned to UK and placed in reserve as HMS Magnificent.[53]
- 10 August — USS Ranger commissioned.[14]
- 14 September — USS Constellation laid down.[75]
- 30 September — USS Midway recommissioned.[14]
- 3 October — USS Saipan decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 5 December — HMS Ocean decommissioned, placed in reserve.[46][12]
- 21 December — Clemenceau launched.[17][78]
1958
- HM Ships Perseus & Ocean sold for scrap.[46]
- February — HMS Warrior decommissioned.[79]
- 4 February — USS Enterprise laid down.[80]
- 30 May — HMAS Sydney decommissioned, held in reserve.[52]
- 6 June — USS Independence launched.[14]
- 1 July — USS Enterprise (Yorktown class) sold for scrap.[14]
- 4 November — Ex HMS Warrior sold to Argentina.[79]
- 28 December — USS Philippine Sea decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
1959
- 10 January — USS Independence commissioned.[14]
- 26 January — Ex HMS Warrior commissioned as ARA Independencia.[81]
- 30 January — USS Boxer reclassified LPH.[24]
- 2 March — USS Princeton reclassified LPH.[14]
- 7 March — USS Oriskany recommissioned.[14]
- 15 May — USS Leyte decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- June — HMS Unicorn sold for scrap.[34][12]
- 1 November — USS Cowpens sold for scrap.[24]
- 18 November — HMS Hermes commissioned.[58]
1960–1969
1960
- Dixmude hulked as an accommodation ship.[82]
- HM Ships Ocean and Theseus sold for scrap.[46]
- 25 January — USS Coral Sea recommissioned.[14]
- May — USS Tarawa decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 21 May — USS Kitty Hawk launched.[75]
- 28 July — Foch launched.[77][83]
- September — Bois Belleau (USS Belleau Wood) returned to USN.[17]
- 24 September — USS Enterprise launched.[80]
- 1 October — Bois Belleau struck.[14]
- 8 October — USS Constellation launched.[75]
- 21 November — USS Belleau Wood sold for scrap.[14]
- 6 December — ex HMS Vengeance recommissioned as NAeL Minas Gerais.[49][66]
1961
- 9 January — USS America laid down.[44]
- 4 March — HMS Hercules commissioned as INS Vikrant.[76]
- 29 April — USS Kitty Hawk commissioned.[75]
- May — USS Bataan sold for scrap.[24]
- 1 July — USS Valley Forge reclassified LPH.[14]
- 27 October — USS Constellation commissioned.[75]
- 22 November — Clemenceau commissioned.[17][78]
- 25 November — USS Enterprise commissioned;[80] first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.[84]
1962
- 7 March — HMAS Sydney recommissioned as fast troop carrier.[52]
- 15 March — USS Wright conversion to command and control ship started.[14]
- Mid 1962 – HMS Albion designated as commando carrier.[58]
- August — Indonesia plans invasion of West New Guinea; war plans include sinking of Dutch carrier Karel Doorman using Soviet-supplied bombers with anti-ship missiles, but ceasefire ended the threat.
1963
1964
1965
- 23 January — USS America commissioned.[44]
- 8 April — USS Saipan renamed USS Arlington.[14]
- July — HMS Magnificent sold for scrap.[53]
1966
- HMS Centaur designated as depot ship.[58]
- Béarn decommissioned.[17]
- British 1966 Defence White Paper cancels defense projects such as CVA-01 and begins plans for phased end to UK carrier aviation.
- Dixmude returned to U.S. Navy[17], sunk as target.
- 15 February — USS Midway decommissioned for further modernisation.[14]
- 2 May — USS Lake Champlain decommissioned.[14]
- 27 July — USS Franklin sold for scrap.[14]
- 27 August — USS Arlington recommissioned as communication relay ship.[14]
1967
- HMS Victorious decommissioned for re-fit, subsequently damaged in a minor fire leading to decision to scrap.[29][85]
- 30 August — USS Cabot loaned to Spain, recommissioned as Dédalo.[45][86]
- 31 March — Béarn sold for scrap.[17]
- 27 May — USS John F. Kennedy launched.[75]
1968
- Arromanches redesignated as a helicopter carrier.[87]
- 26 April — HNLMS Karel Doorman decommissioned, placed in reserve, end of Dutch carrier aviation.[69]
- 22 June — USS Nimitz laid down[88]
- July — USS Franklin D. Roosevelt decommissioned for modernisation.[24]
- 7 September — USS John F. Kennedy commissioned.[75]
- 3 October — USS Tarawa sold for scrap.[14]
- 15 October — HNLMS Karel Doorman sold to Argentina.[89]
1969
- 1 January — USS Lexington reclassified as a training carrier (CVT).[14]
- 13 February — USS Randolph decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 12 March — ex HNLMS Karel Doorman recommissioned as ARA Veinticinco de Mayo.[89]
- 26 May — USS Franklin D. Roosevelt recommissioned.[24]
- 30 June — USS Essex decommissioned.[24]
- July – HMS Victorious sold for scrap.[29]
- 1 December — USS Boxer decommissioned;[44] USS Philippine Sea struck.[14]
1970–1979
1970
- ARA Independencia decommissioned, placed in reserve.[90]
- 14 January — USS Arlington decommissioned.[14]
- 15 January — USS Bennington decommissioned, placed in reserve;[14] USS Valley Forge decommissioned.[14]
- 30 January — USS Princeton decommissioned.[24]
- 31 January — USS Midway recommissioned.[24]
- 13 February — USS Kearsarge decommissioned, placed in reserve.[24]
- 27 May — USS Wright decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 26 June — USS Hornet decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 27 June — USS Yorktown decommissioned.[14]
- 3 July — HMCS Bonaventure decommissioned.[12][53]
- 15 August — USS Dwight D. Eisenhower laid down.[88]
- September — Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev laid down.[91]
- September — USS Leyte sold for scrap.[24]
1971
- HMS Centaur decommissioned.[58]
- March — HMCS Bonaventure sold for scrap.[53]
- 13 March — USS Boxer sold for scrap.[24]
- 17 March — ARA Independencia sold for scrap.[89]
- 23 March — USS Philippine Sea sold for scrap.[24]
- May — USS Monterey and USS Princeton sold for scrap.[24]
- 2 July — USS Bon Homme Richard decommissioned, placed in reserve.
- 30 July — USS Shangri-La decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 29 October — USS Valley Forge sold for scrap.[14]
- 3 December — Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 begins. Indian carrier INS Vikrant carries out airstrikes against land and naval targets; Pakistani submarine PNS Ghazi sent to hunt the Vikrant, but sinks under mysterious circumstances.
- 15 December — USS San Jacinto sold for scrap.[14]
1972
- HMS Centaur sold for scrap.[58]
- HMS Albion decommissioned and sold for scrap.[58]
- 26 January — HMS Eagle decommissioned.[48][12]
- 28 April — USS Lake Champlain sold for scrap.[24]
- 13 May — USS Nimitz launched.[88]
- 1 July — USS Wasp decommissioned.[14]
- 5 December — Loan of Dédalo (ex USS Cabot) to Spain converted to sale.[86]
- December — Kiev launched, Minsk laid down.[91]
1973
- USS Bunker Hill sold for scrap.[14]
- 27 January — Paris Peace Accords; U.S. forces withdraw from the Vietnam War.
- 21 May — USS Wasp sold for scrap.[14]
- 20 July — HMS Invincible laid down.[92]
- 1 September — USS Ticonderoga decommissioned.[14]
- 12 November — HMAS Sydney decommissioned.[52]
1974
- 22 January — Arromanches decommissioned.[17]
- 28 February — USS Antietam sold for scrap.[24]
- 1 March — USS Kearsarge sold for scrap.[24]
- 15 March — USS Intrepid decommissioned.[44]
1975
- HMS Triumph decommissioned, placed in reserve.[46]
- 1 April — USS Randolph sold for scrap.[44]
- May — Kiev commissioned.[91]
- 3 May — USS Nimitz commissioned.[88]
- 1 June — USS Essex sold for scrap.[24]
- 1 September — USS Ticonderoga sold for scrap.[24]
- 30 September — Minsk launched;[93] Novorossiysk laid down.[94]
- 11 October — USS Dwight D. Eisenhower launched;[88]USS Carl Vinson laid down.[88]
- 13 October — USS Yorktown preserved as museum ship.[14]
- 28 October — HMAS Sydney sold for scrap.[52]
1976
- 30 January — USS Hancock decommissioned.[24]
- March — HMS Bulwark decommissioned, placed in reserve.[58]
- 1 June — USS Arlington sold for scrap.[24]
- 1 September — USS Hancock sold for scrap.[24]
- September STOVL Harriers equip Spanish aircraft carrier Dédalo, returning her to fixed-wing carrier operations; first STOVL aircraft carrier.
- 30 September — USS Oriskany decommissioned, placed in reserve.[14]
- 7 October — HMS Illustrious laid down.[92]
1977
- 3 May — HMS Invincible launched.[92]
- 30 September — USS Franklin D. Roosevelt decommissioned.[24]
- 18 October — USS Dwight D. Eisenhower commissioned.[88]
1978
- Arromanches sold for scrap.[17]
- 1 April — USS Franklin D. Roosevelt sold for scrap.[24]
- 27 September — Minsk commissioned.[93]
- 17 February — Baku laid down.[95]
- October — HMS Eagle sold for scrap.[48]
- 1 December — HMS Illustrious launched.[92]
- 14 December — HMS Ark Royal (Invincible class) laid down.[92]
- 26 December — Novorossiysk launched.[94]
1979
1980–1989
1980
- HMS Bulwark placed in reserve.[58]
- 15 March — USS Carl Vinson launched.[88]
- 11 July — HMS Invincible commissioned;[92] first purpose-built STOVL carrier, first ship to include a ski-jump ramp.
- 1 August — USS Wright sold for scrap.[24]
- 22 September — HMS Ark Royal (Audacious class) sold for scrap.[48][12]
1981
1982
- 25 February — Australian government announces its intention to purchase HMS Invincible and rename it HMAS Australia.
- 13 March — USS Carl Vinson commissioned.[88]
- 19 March — Argentina invades South Georgia, launching the Falklands War; this war provides the impetus to slow the drawdown of the Royal Navy, including carrier aviation; deal to sell the HMS Invincible to Australia cancelled.
- 23 March — USS Intrepid struck, preserved as a museum ship.[44]
- 1 April — Baku launched.[95]
- 1 May — Argentine carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo detects and attempts airstrike against British fleet, but is unable to launch due to unfavorable winds.
- 2 May — Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano sunk by British submarine; carrier Veinticinco de Mayo withdraws to safe port for the duration of the war.
- 22 May — Principe de Asturias launched.[96]
- 30 May — HMAS Melbourne decommissioned.[74]
- 14 June — Argentine land forces in the Falkland Islands surrender, ending the conflict.
- 20 June — HMS Illustrious commissioned.[92]
- 5 July — USS Shangri-La struck.[44]
- September — Novorossiysk commissioned.[98]
1983
1984
- 12 April — HMS Hermes decommissioned, placed in maintained reserve.[58]
- 27 October — USS Theodore Roosevelt launched.[88]
- 3 November — USS Abraham Lincoln laid down.[88]
1985
- ARA Veinticinco de Mayo inoperable, laid up for possible modernisation.[100]
- HMAS Melbourne sold for scrap.[74]
- 30 September — Giuseppe Garibaldi commissioned as helicopter anti-submarine warfare carrier.[97]
- 1 November — HMS Ark Royal commissioned.[92]
- 5 December — Leonid Brezhnev launched.[99]
- 10 December — Riga laid down.[101]
1986
1987
1988
- 13 February — USS Abraham Lincoln launched.[88]
- 30 May — Principe de Asturias commissioned.[96]
- 9 August — USS Shangri-La sold for scrap.[44]
- October — Leonid Brezhnev renamed Tbilisi.[101]
- December — Ulyanovsk laid down.[101]
- 4 December — Riga launched.[101]
1989
- Giuseppe Garibaldi takes on Harrier aircraft, initiating Italian fixed-wing carrier operations.
- INS Vikrant ends CATOBAR operations and is converted with ski jump to all-STOVL operations.[102]
- 14 April — Charles de Gaulle laid down;[104] first non-U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier.[105]
- 20 May — Ex HMS Hermes commissioned as INS Viraat.[102]
- 25 July — USS Hornet struck, preserved as a museum ship;[14] USS Oriskany struck to be preserved as a museum ship or scrapped.[14]
- 5 August — Dédalo decommissioned.[45][106]
- 20 September — U.S. Ships Bon Homme Richard and Bennington struck.[44]
- 11 November — USS Abraham Lincoln commissioned.[88]
1990–1999
1990
1991
1992
- Construction of Varyag stopped, transferred to the Ukraine.[109]
- 4 February — Ulyanovsk scrapped;[108] USS Bon Homme Richard sold for scrap.[24]
- 11 April — USS Midway decommissioned, preserved as a museum ship.[24]
- 15 June — USS Lexington donated as a museum ship.[24]
- 4 July — USS George Washington commissioned.[88]
- September — Novorossiysk laid up in reserve.[108]
1993
- 7 May — USS Coral Sea sold for scrap.[24]
- 30 June — Kiev,[110] Minsk[93] and Novorossiysk[108] decommissioned.
- 10 July — USS Ranger decommissioned, on donation hold as of 2004.[44]
- 11 September — USS Forrestal decommissioned,[44] on donation hold.[24]
- 13 November — USS John C. Stennis launched.[88]
- 29 November — USS Harry S. Truman laid down.[88]
1994
1995
- 1 August — Novorossiysk and Minsk sold for scrap, Minsk not scrapped.[108]
- 9 September — USS Oriskany sold for scrap, not scrapped.[24]
- 9 December — USS John C. Stennis commissioned.[88]
1996
- 20 January — HTMS Chakri Naruebet launched.[111]
- 9 August — USS America decommissioned.[44]
- 14 September — USS Harry S. Truman launched.[88]
1997
- ARA Veinticinco de Mayo decommissioned.[106]
- 31 January — INS Vikrant decommissioned, to be converted to a museum ship at Mumbai.[112]
- 27 March — HTMS Chakri Naruebet commissioned.[111]
- 30 July — USS Oriskany repossessed by the USN due to default by scrapping contractor.[24]
- 1 October — Clemenceau decommissioned.[78]
1998
- 12 February — USS Ronald Reagan laid down.[44]
- April — Varyag sold to China.[109]
- August — Minsk towed to China for use in an amusement park.[93]
- 30 September — USS Independence decommissioned.[44]
- 25 July — USS Harry S. Truman commissioned.[88]
1999
- January — ARA Veinticinco de Mayo sold for scrap.[113]
2000–2009
2000
- 1 January — USS Saratoga placed on donation hold.[24]
- October — Scrapping of Dédalo commenced.[45]
- 15 November — Foch decommissioned, and recommissioned as NAe São Paulo.[114]
2001
2003
2004
- NAeL Minas Gerais sold for scrap.[117]
- 20 January — Admiral Gorshkov sold to India; being refurbished and renamed INS Vikramaditya.[119]
- April — USS Independence nominated to be sunk as artificial reef.
- 20 July — Cavour launched.[116]
2005
- 11 April — INS Vikrant steel plate cutting started.[120]
- 19 April — USS America towed to sea for live firing tests.[121]
- May — Juan Carlos I laid down.[122]
- 14 May — USS America scuttled.[24]
- 3 August — HMS Invincible decommissioned, placed in reserve until 2010.[123]
2006
- 17 May — USS Oriskany sunk as an artificial reef.[14][24]
- 31 May — Minsk sold at auction, disposition unknown.[93]
- 7 October — USS George H. W. Bush launched.[118]
2007
- 1 August — USS John F. Kennedy decommissioned, placed in reserve.[44]
2008
- February — USS Forrestal prepared to be sunk as a reef; USS Independence and USS Constellation scheduled to be scrapped within five years.[124]
- 10 March — Juan Carlos I launched.[122]
- 27 March — Cavour commissioned.[116]
2009
- 10 January — USS George H. W. Bush commissioned;[125] final ship of the Nimitz class.
- 28 February — INS Vikrant keel laid[120]
- 12 May — USS Kitty Hawk decommissioned, placed in reserve.[126]
- 7 July — First steel cut for HMS Queen Elizabeth[127]
2010–present
2010
- 30 September — Juan Carlos I commissioned[128]
- October 2010 — UK government decides to construct HMS Queen Elizabeth with catapults and arresting gear[129]
2011
^[I] For most carriers, the dates listed here are those when the carrier was laid down, launched, commissioned, decommissioned and disposed of. If the carrier was a conversion from another ship, then the first date listed is when she was taken in hand to be converted; however, if a carrier was subsequently redesignated, its history is followed until disposal. The first time a ship is named in the list, it is linked to the relevant page within Wikipedia; if the ship was renamed, the first instance of the new name is also linked. Additionally, key relevant historical dates are interspersed with the ship-related dates to provide context.
^[II] For the purposes of this timeline, an aircraft carrier is a commissioned naval ship with at least one permanent flush deck designed for the launch and recovery of fixed-wing aircraft. This timeline does not include ships with temporary landing or take-off platforms, vessels designed for helicopter operations, marine assault ships of various designs, catapult ships, WWII escort carriers, merchant aircraft carriers, CAM ships, nor seaplane carriers and tenders.
^[III] The timeline is mainly divided into decades, the exceptions being the two World Wars and the interwar period, which are each treated as separate blocks. For the purposes of this list, the First World War is considered to have started on 28 June 1914 and ended 11 November 1918, while the Second World War is considered to have started on 1 September 1939 and ended 14 August 1945.
^[IV] The actual text of the message from the First Lord of the Admiralty to the Wright Brothers, dated 7 March 1907, taken from
The Old Flying Days by Charles Cyril Turner, p. 293, was:
I have consulted my expert advisers with regard to your suggestion as to the employment of aeroplanes and I regret to have to tell you, after the careful consideration of my Board, that the Admiralty, whilst thanking you for so kindly bringing the proposals to their notice, are of opinion that they would not be of any practical use to the Naval Service.
Citations
- ^ a b c Australian Naval Aviation Museum (1998), p.2
- ^ The early years, USN official web site
- ^ Sturtivant (1990), p.8
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturtivant (1990), p.215
- ^ Chesneau (1998), p.79
- ^ 269 Squadron History: 1914–1923
- ^ H. M. Friedman and A. K. Friedman (2006)
- ^ a b c d e f g Fleet Air Arm Officers' Association web site
- ^ a b c d e Chesneau (1998), pp.89–90
- ^ a b c d HMS Furious 1917, RN official web site
- ^ a b c d Chesneau (1998), pp.92–93
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u A-Z list of the Aircraft Carriers, fleetairarmarchive.net
- ^ a b c d Chesneau (1998), pp.95–96
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik DANFS, United States Navy
- ^ a b c d e Chesneau (1998), pp.157–158
- ^ a b c d e Chesneau (1998), pp.159–160
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Chesneau (1998), pp61-75
- ^ a b c Chesneau (1998), pp.161–162
- ^ a b c d e f Chesneau (1998), pp.97–99
- ^ Sturtivant (1990), p.12
- ^ Sturtivant (1990), p.14
- ^ a b c d Chesneau (1998), pp.163–164
- ^ Sturtivant (1990), p.17
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be The Carrier List, USN official web site
- ^ a b Chesneau (1998), pp.206–210
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chesneau (1998), pp.165–166
- ^ a b c d Chesneau (1998), pp.100–103
- ^ a b c d e Chesneau (1998), pp.76–77
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Chesneau (1998), pp.103–107
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chesneau (1998), pp.171–172
- ^ a b c d e f Chesneau (1998), pp.169–171
- ^ a b c d e Emmerlich, R, Kriegsmarine Ships: Aircraft Carrier
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chesneau (1998), pp.128–129
- ^ a b c d e f g Chesneau (1998), pp.117–118
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chesneau (1998), pp.175–176
- ^ Birch
- ^ a b c Chesneau (1998), p.153
- ^ a b c d e f g Chesneau (1998), pp.220–231
- ^ a b c Ireland (2007), p.119
- ^ a b c Chesneau (1998), pp.232–236
- ^ a b c d Chesneau (1998), pp.179–180
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab KIDO BUTAI!, Combinedfleet.com
- ^ a b c d e f Chesneau (1998), pp.173
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Naval Vessel Register, US Navy
- ^ a b c d e f g h Cabot, maritimequest.com
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Chesneau (1998), pp.129–133
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Chesneau (1998), pp.182–184
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chesneau (1998), pp.134–139
- ^ a b c d e f g h HMAS Vengeance, Sea Power Centre
- ^ a b c Chesneau (1998), pp.177–178
- ^ a b Hall (1982), p.69
- ^ a b c d e f g HMAS Sydney (III), Sea Power Centre
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chesneau (1998), pp.58–60
- ^ a b c d Chesneau (1998), p.134
- ^ a b c d Chesneau (1998), pp.167–168
- ^ a b Chesneau (1998), p.178
- ^ Chesneau (1998), pp.255–260
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Chesneau (1998), pp.140–145
- ^ a b c McCart (1990)
- ^ a b Chesneau (1998), pp.85–88
- ^ a b Colossus Class Light Fleet Aircraft Carriers,britishwarships.cjb.net
- ^ a b Chesneau (1998), p.185
- ^ Murfett (2008), p.435
- ^ Chesneau (1998), pp.140–146
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtivant (1990), p.216
- ^ a b Chesneau (1998), p.57
- ^ Hall (1982), p.70
- ^ Naval-History.net
- ^ a b c Chesneau (1998), pp.188–189
- ^ a b Sturtivant (1990), p.178
- ^ Sturtivant (1990), p.179
- ^ Bishop & Chant (2004), p.51
- ^ Cassells (2000), p.84
- ^ a b c HMAS Melbourne (II), Sea Power Centre
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.796
- ^ a b Chesneau (1998), p.152
- ^ a b c Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.220
- ^ a b c CV CLEMENCEAU (R 98), French Fleet Air Arm
- ^ a b The HMS Warrior Story, Ministry Of Defence web site
- ^ a b c Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.798
- ^ Chesneau (1998), p.50
- ^ Chesneau (1998), p.67
- ^ a b CV FOCH (R 99), French Fleet Air Arm
- ^ USS Enterprise CVN-65, USN Official Web Site
- ^ Sturtivant (1990), p.196
- ^ a b Chesneau (1998), p.196
- ^ Chesneau (1998), p.68
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.793
- ^ a b c Chesneau (1998), pp.50–51
- ^ Bishop & Chant (2004), pp.62–63
- ^ a b c Chesneau (1998), pp.192–195
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.754
- ^ a b c d e Minsk, maritimequest.com
- ^ a b Novorossiysk, maritimequest.com
- ^ a b c Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.293
- ^ a b c Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.632
- ^ a b c Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.344
- ^ Ireland (2007), p.133
- ^ a b c Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.568
- ^ Ireland (2007), p.147
- ^ a b c d e Polmar (1991), pp.136–137
- ^ a b c Chesneau (1998), p.8
- ^ a b Baku, maritimequest.com
- ^ a b Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.218
- ^ Rose (2007), p.284
- ^ a b Ireland (2007), p.152
- ^ Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov, maritimequest.com
- ^ a b c d e Hiranandani (2006)
- ^ a b SinoDefence.com
- ^ Kiev, maritimequest.com
- ^ a b c Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001, p.689
- ^ Tembhekar (2010), The Times of India
- ^ 25 de Mayo, GlobalSecurity.com
- ^ France hands over aircraft carrier to Brazil, CNN.com
- ^ Ireland (2007), p.128
- ^ a b c Cavour — Light multirole Aircraft Carrier, digilander.libero.it
- ^ a b Minas Gerais, Global Security
- ^ a b Official Web Site of Pre Comissioning Unit George H.W. Bush (CVN 77), US Navy
- ^ Kiev Class Overview, maritimequest.com
- ^ a b Indian Aircraft Carrier (Project-71), Bharat Rakshak
- ^ America's Final Mission, The USS America Carrier Veteran's Association
- ^ a b LHD Juan Carlos I, Armada Española official web site
- ^ HMS Invincible, Royal Navy official web site
- ^ NavyTimes, 26 February 2008
- ^ NAVY.mil, USN Official Web Site, 12 January 2009
- ^ NAVY.mil, USN Official Web Site, 12 May 2009
- ^ Royal Navy News, 7 July 2009
- ^ Armada Española Navy News, 30 Sep 2010
- ^ Strategic Defence Review (2010), p. 23
- ^ BBC News, 11 Mar 2011
- ^ UK Ministry of Defence, 26 May 2011
- ^ Hille, 2011
References
Books
- Australian Naval Aviation Museum (1998). Flying Stations: a Story of Australian Naval Aviation. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. pp. 289. ISBN 1 86448 846 8.
- Bishop, Chris; Chant, Christopher (2004). Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and their Aircraft. Zenith Press. pp. 256. ISBN 978-0760320051.
- Cassells, Vic (2000). The Capital Ships: Their Battles and Their Badges. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0731809416. OCLC 48761594.
- Chesneau, Roger (1998). Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present. An Illustrated Encyclopedia (Rev Ed). London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1 86019 87 5 9.
- Hall, Timothy (1982). HMAS Melbourne. North Sydney, NSW: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 223. ISBN 0868612847. OCLC 9753221.
- Ireland, Bernard (2007). Aircraft Carriers of the World. London: Southwater. pp. 160. ISBN 978 1 84476 363 4.
- McCart, Neil (1995). HMS Albion 1944–1973 The Old Grey Ghost. Fan Publications. pp. 128. ISBN 0951953869.
- Murfett, Malcom H. (2008). Naval Warfare 1919–45 An Operational History of the Volatile War at Sea. Abington, Oxon, UK: Routledge. pp. 656. ISBN 978-0-415-45804-7.
- Polmar, Norman (1991). The Naval Institute Guide to the Soviet Navy (5th ed.). United States Naval Institute. pp. 598. ISBN 0-87021-241-9.
- Rose, Lisle Abbott (2007). Power at Sea: The Breaking Storm, 1919–1945. University of Missouri Press. pp. 514. ISBN 0826217036.
- Captain Richard Sharpe OBE RN, ed (2000). Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001 (103rd ed.). Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited. pp. 907. ISBN 0 7106 2018 7.
- Sturtivant, Ray (1990). British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm 1917–1990. London: Arms & Armour Press Ltd. pp. 224. ISBN 0853689385.
Articles
- Armada Española Navy News (30 September 2010). "El ‘Juan Carlos I’ entra en servicio en la Armada". Navy News (Armada Española). http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaesPannola/conocenos_noticias/00_noticias--2010--09--NT-286-Entrega-BPE-JCI_es?_selectedNodeID=432499&_pageAction=selectItem. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
- Barber, Barrie (12 January 2009). "Navy Commissions Final Nimitz-class Aircraft Carrier, USS George H. W. Bush". NAVY.mil, Story Number: NNS090112-01 (United States Navy). http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=41736. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
- Birch, Albert, Admiral Sir Victor Smith, AC, KBE, CB, DSC, Naval Historical Society of Australia, http://www.navyhistory.org.au/admiral-sir-victor-smith-ac-kbe-cb-dsc/, retrieved 21 July 2011
- "Final farewell for decommissioned warship HMS Ark Royal". BBC News (BBC). 11 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-12706441. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- "First steel cut for new aircraft carrier". Defence News (UK Ministry of Defence). 26 May 2011. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/FirstSteelCutForNewAircraftCarrier.htm. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- Friedman, Herbert M.; Ada Kera Friedman (Spring 2006). "Shot Into the Air". Invention & Technology Magazine (AmericanHeritage.com) 21 (4). http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2006/4/2006_4_26.shtml. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
- Hille, Kathrin (10 August 2011). "China's first aircraft carrier takes to the sea". The Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6b20cdce-c300-11e0-8cc7-00144feabdc0.html?ftcamp=rss. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- Hiranandani, Vice Adm (Retd) GM (Oct–Dec 2006). "The Global Aircraft Carrier Perspective". Indian Defence Review 21 (4). http://www.indiandefencereview.com/defence-industry/The-Global-Aircraft-Carrier-Perspective.html. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
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Other
See also
External links