| Threonine | |
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Threonine |
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Other names
2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 80-68-2 , 72-19-5 (L-isomer) |
| PubChem | 6288 |
| ChemSpider | 6051 |
| EC number | 201-300-6 |
| DrugBank | DB00156 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:57926 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL291747 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C4H9NO3 |
| Molar mass | 119.12 g mol−1 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 2.63 (carboxyl), 10.43 (amino)[1] |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties |
n, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data |
Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| (verify) (what is: /?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Threonine (abbreviated as Thr or T)[2] is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH(OH)CH3. Its codons are ACU, ACA, ACC, and ACG. This essential amino acid is classified as polar. Together with serine, threonine is one of two proteinogenic amino acids bearing an alcohol group (tyrosine is not an alcohol but a phenol, since its hydroxyl group is bonded directly to an aromatic ring, giving it different acid/base and oxidative properties). It is also one of two common amino acids that bear a chiral side chain, along with isoleucine.
The threonine residue is susceptible to numerous posttranslational modifications. The hydroxy side-chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation. In addition, threonine residues undergo phosphorylation through the action of a threonine kinase. In its phosphorylated form, it can be referred to as phosphothreonine.
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Threonine was discovered as the last of the 20 common proteinogenic amino acids in the 1930s by William Cumming Rose.
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| L-Threonine (2S,3R) and D-Threonine (2R,3S) |
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| L-allo-Threonine (2S,3S) and D-allo-Threonine (2R,3R) |
Threonine is one of two amino acids out of the twenty with two chiral centers. Threonine can exist in four possible stereoisomers with the following configurations: (2S,3R), (2R,3S), (2S,3S) and (2R,3R). However, the name L-threonine is used for one single enantiomer, (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. The second stereoisomer (2S,3S), which is rarely present in nature, is called L-allo-threonine. The two stereoisomers (2R,3S)- and (2R,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid are only of minor importance.
As an essential amino acid, threonine is not synthesized in humans, hence we must ingest threonine in the form of threonine-containing proteins. In plants and microorganisms, threonine is synthesized from aspartic acid via α-aspartyl-semialdehyde and homoserine. Homoserine undergoes O-phosphorylation; this phosphate ester undergoes hydrolysis concomitant with relocation of the OH group.[3] Enzymes involved in a typical biosynthesis of threonine include:
Threonine is metabolized in two ways:
Foods high in threonine include cottage cheese, poultry, fish, meat, lentils, and sesame seeds.
Racemic threonine can be prepared from crotonic acid by alpha-functionalization using mercury(II) acetate.[4]
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