Theodoxus
Theodoxus is a genus of small freshwater and brackish water neritid snail with an operculum.
Distribution
Distribution of the genus Theodoxus include Europe and northern Africa to southern Iran.[3]
Description
The shell is semiovular with flat apertural plain. There is umbilicus. The columella and inner whorls are dissolved.[3]
Species in the genus Theodoxus are highly variable in size, pattern of color of the periostracum, the operculum and the radula that makes identification very difficult.[4]
Ecology
Animals are attached to stones, often also under stones, in up to 5-6 m depth[3] or deeper, feeding on algae covers.[3] Theodoxus needs rough surfaces to be able to digest its food, so stony substrate is necessary.[3] Green algae are not consumed, Theodoxus has no cellulases.[3] Animals lay egg capsules containing 30-70 eggs each, usually on the shells of other Theodoxus animals.[3] Only 1 juvenile grows, the other eggs serve as food.[3]
Species
Species within the genus Theodoxus include:
subgenus Theodoxus
- Theodoxus altenai Schütt, 1965[5][6]
- Theodoxus baeticus (Lamarck, 1822)[5][7]
- Theodoxus danubialis (Pfeiffer, 1828)[5][7][6]
- Theodoxus elongatulus (Morelet, 1845)[5][7]
- Theodoxus euxinus (Clessin, 1886)[5][7][8]
- Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)[5][7] - type species.[9] synonyms: Theodoxus brauneri (Lindholm, 1908)[9] (but as separate species per[5][7]); Theodoxus brauneri f. lacrymans Lindholm, 1908;[9] Theodoxus brauneri f. alboguttata Lindholm, 1908;[9] Theodoxus brauneri f. pulherrima Lindholm, 1908;[9] Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810.[3] Bunje (2005)[10] does not consider Theodoxus velox Anistratenko, 1999[11][8] to be a distinct species from Theodoxus fluviatilis.[10][6][8]
- Theodoxus heldreichi (Martens, 1879)[5][6]
- Theodoxus hispalensis (Martens, 1879)[5][7]
- Theodoxus meridionalis (Philippi, 1836)[5][12][7]
- Theodoxus pallasi Lindholm, 1924[13][5][7][8]
- Theodoxus prevostianus (Pfeiffer, 1828)[5][7][6][14]
- Theodoxus saulcyi (Bourguignat, 1852)[5][7]
- Theodoxus subthermalis (Bourguignat in Issel, 1865)[8] or Theodoxus fluviatilis subthermalis Issel, 1865[7]
- Theodoxus transversalis (Pfeiffer, 1828)[5][7][6]
- Theodoxus valentinus(Graells, 1846)[5][7]
subgenus Neritaea Roth, 1855[15]
subgenus ?
- Theodoxus astrachanicus Starobogatov, 1994[13][8]
- Theodoxus coronatus (Leach, 1815)[18]
- Theodoxus danasteri (Lindholm, 1908)[11][8]
- Theodoxus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874) [19]
- Theodoxus karasuna
- Theodoxus macri (Sowerby, 1849)[20]
- Theodoxus maresi (Bourguignat, 1864)[21]
- Theodoxus marteli (Pallary, 1920)[22]
- Theodoxus milachevitchi Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966[8]
- Theodoxus mutinensis
- Theodoxus numidicus (Récluz, 1841)[23]
- Theodoxus olivaceus
- Theodoxus pilidei (Tournouêr, 1879)[5]
- Theodoxus sarmaticus (Lindholm, 1901)[11][8]
- Theodoxus schultzii (Grimm, 1877)[13][8]
- † Theodoxus serratiliniformis Geyer, 1914[14]
- Theodoxus velascoi (Graëlls, 1846)[5]
Synonyms:
- Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828) and Theodoxus cariosa are synonyms of Neritina cariosa (Wood, 1828)[24]
- Theodoxus vespertinus is a synonym of Neritina vespertinus (Sowerby, 1849)[24]
- Theodoxus neglectus is a synonym of Neritina neglecta (Pease, 1861)[24]
References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference [3]
- ^ Montfort D. de (1810). Conchyliologie systématique, et classification méthodique des coquilles; offrant leurs figures, leur arrangement générique, leurs descriptions caractéristiques, leurs noms; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues. Ouvrage destiné à faciliter l'étude des coquilles, ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d'histoire naturelle. Coquilles univalves, non cloisonnées. Tome second. pp. [1-3], 1-676. Paris. (Schoell). page 350.
- ^ "Theodoxus". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 12 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Genus summary for Theodoxus". AnimalBase, last modified 24 February 2009, accessed 11 April 2011.
- ^ Zettler M. L., Frankowski J., Bochert R. & Röhner M. (2004). "Morphological and ecological features of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) from Baltic brackish water and German freshwater populations". Journal of Conchology 38(3): 305-316. PDF.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Species in genus Theodoxus" (n=20). AnimalBase, accessed 11 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i (German) Schütt H. (1965). "Zur Systematik und Ökologie türkischer Süßwasserprosobranchier". Zoologische Mededelingen 41(3): 43-72, Plate 1. abstract, PDF.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Theodoxus". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 12 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kantor Yu I., Vinarski M. V., Schileyko A. A. & Sysoev A. V. (published online on March 2, 2010). "Catalogue of the continental mollusks of Russia and adjacent territories". Version 2.3.1.
- ^ a b c d e Anistratenko V. V. (2005). "Lectotypes for Tricolia pullus, Gibbula divaricata and Theodoxus fluviatilis (Mollusca, Gastropoda) revisited". Vestnik zoologii 39(6): 3-10. PDF .
- ^ a b Bunje P. M. E. (2005). "Pan-European phylogeography of the aquatic snail Theodoxus fluviatilis (Gastropoda: Neritidae)". Molecular Ecology 14: 4323-4340. PubMed, doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02703.x, PDF.
- ^ a b c Anistratenko O. Y., Starobogatov Y. I. & Anistratenko V. V. (1999). "Mollusks of the genus Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Neritidae) from the Black and the Azov seas basin". Vestnik Zoologii 33: 11-19.
- ^ Zettler M. & Van Damme D. (2010). Theodoxus meridionalis. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 11 April 2011.
- ^ a b c Zettler M. L. (2007). "A redescription of Theodoxus schultzii (Grimm, 1877), an endemic neritid gastropod of the Caspian Sea". Journal of Conchology 39(3): 245-252. abstract.
- ^ a b Glöer P. (2002). Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., ISBN 3-925919-60-0.
- ^ Roth (1855). Malak. Bl. 2: 56.
- ^ a b c "Neritaea". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 12 April 2011.
- ^ Van Damme D. & Ghamizi M. (2009). Theodoxus niloticus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 11 April 2011.
- ^ WoRMS (2010). Theodoxus coronatus (Leach, 1815). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=216264 on 2011-04-11
- ^ Mansoorian A. (2001). "Freshwater Gastropod of Khuzestan Province, South-West Iran". Iranian Int. J. Sci. 2(2): 9 pp. PDF.
- ^ Elkarmi A. Z. & Ismail N. S. (2006). "Population Structure and Shell Morphometrics of the Gastropod Theodoxus macri (Neritidae: Prosobranchia) from Azraq Oasis, Jordan". Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9(3): 549-552. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2006.549.552.
- ^ Brown D. S. (1996). Theodoxus maresi. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
- ^ Van Damme D. & Ghamizi M. (2007). Theodoxus marteli. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 11 April 2011.
- ^ Van Damme D. & Ghamizi M. (2007). Theodoxus numidicus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 11 April 2011.
- ^ a b c Goodwin D. R. (2006). "The Discovery of Neritina (Theodoxus) cariosa (Wood, 1828) on the Island of Maui, Hawaii (Gastropoda: Neritidae)". Visaya Net 11 pp. PDF.
External links
- Theodoxus at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
- Bandel K. (2001). "The history of Theodoxus and Neritina connected with description and systematic evaluation of related Neritimorpha (Gastropoda)". Mittelungen aus dem Geologisch-Palaontologischen Institut Universitat Hamburg 85: 65-164. abstract.