The Frozen Deep

The Frozen Deep was a play, originally staged as an amateur theatrical, written by Wilkie Collins along with the substantial guidance of Charles Dickens in 1856. Dickens's hand was so prominent -- beside acting in the play for several performances, he added a preface, altered lines, and attended to most of the props and sets -- that the principal edition of the play is entitled "Under the Management of Charles Dickens". John C. Eckel wrote: "As usual with a play which passed into rehearsal under Dickens' auspices it came out improved. This was the case with The Frozen Deep. The changes were so numerous that the drama almost may be ascribed to Dickens". Dickens himself took the part of Richard Wardour and was stage-manager during its modest original staging in Dickens' home Tavistock House. The play, however, grew in influence through a series of outside performances, including one before Queen Victoria at the Royal Gallery of Illustration, and a three-performance run at the Manchester Free Trade Hall for the benefit of the Douglas Jerrold Fund to benefit the widow of Dickens's old friend Douglas Jerrold. There, night after night, everyone -- including, by some accounts, the carpenters and the stage-hands -- was moved to tears by the play. It also brought Dickens together with Ellen Ternan, an actress he hired to play one of the parts, and for whom he would leave his wife Catherine. The play remained unpublished until a private printing appeared sometime in 1866.

Origins of the play

The play was loosely inspired by the loss of Sir John Franklin's Arctic expedition of 1845, in which Dickens had taken a great interest. Specifically, in the fall of 1854, when the Hudson's Bay Company surveyor Dr. John Rae brought back Inuit reports of cannibalism between Franklin's men, Dickens was so perturbed that he launched a debate with Rae in the pages of his own periodical, Household Words. He also corresponded with Franklin's widow Jane, and gave a speech at a dinner organized to highlight the search for Franklin's men. By 1856, however, it became increasingly clear that there were no survivors, although Lady Jane Franklin still hoped to launch a new expedition to resolve her husband's ultimate fate. It was in this context that, in the spring of 1856, Dickens and Collins conceived of a play set in the Arctic for the next round of their traditional winter theatricals at Tavistock House. Eminent artists such as William Telbin and Clarkson Stanfield were engaged to paint the scenic backdrops, and Dickens went so far as to have a bay-window in the house's schoolroom punched out and an extension built to create space for the play's backdrops. The task of writing the play itself fell to Collins, since Dickens was still busily engaged with Little Dorritt, but nevertheless he found time to make numerous revisions to the eventual script.

Performances

The Frozen Deep was first performed at Tavistock House at a dress rehearsal on January 5, 1857 for an informal audience of servants and tradespeople. Semi-public performances followed on January 6, 8, 12, and 14 for about 90 persons at each, including numerous friends of Dickens and Collins, among them members of Parliament, judges, and ministers. Following the death of Jerrold, Dickens planned benefit performances for the support of his widow and children. The first of these, on July 4, was a command performance at the Royal Gallery of Illustration for Queen Victoria, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and their family; among the other guests were King Leopold I of Belgium, Prince Frederick William of Prussia, and his fiancée Princess Victoria, along with literary lights William Thackeray and Hans Christian Andersen. Additional performances at the same venue were given on July 11, 18, and 25. When Dickens realized that, despite expensive ticket prices, insufficient funds had been raised to sustain Mrs. Jerrold, he arranged for a series of much larger public performances at the Manchester Free Trade Hall. It was for these that Dickens, convinced that his amateur actresses, including his daughters Kate and Mary Dickens, would not be able to project in such a large venue, replaced them with professionals, among them Ellen Ternan. These performances, given on August 21, 22, and 24 were attended by thousands, and earned Dickens and the cast unusually effusive reviews. To Miss Coutts, Dickens wrote of his pleasure at being able to affect "the crying of two thousand people", including the stage-hands, carpenters, and even the cast, with his final death scene in the role of Wardour.

Revivals

The Frozen Deep was not again produced under the aegis of Dickens. It was briefly revived in a revised version with Wilkie Collins's blessing in 1866, but was a relative flop, leaving Collins convinced that it should no longer be staged. Instead, he undertook a rewriting of the entire play as a novella, which was published in book form and became a regular text for his successful public readings both in Britain and the United States. It's only other revival was in 2005 at the Edinburgh Festival, when a completely new dramatic version, adapted in turn from Collins's prose version, was staged by the Ironduke company. Described as "dark and moody" by reviewers, it was not a particular success, although in the wake of its appearance Collins's novella came back into print for the first time in many decades.

References

• Under the Management of Charles Dickens: His Production of "The Frozen Deep", by Robert Louis Brannan. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1966.
• The Letters of Charles Dickens. Vol. VIII, 1856-1858, edited by Graham Storey and Kathleen Tillotson. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1995.
• The Public Face of Wilkie Collins - the Collected Letters, edited by William Baker, Andrew Gasson, Graham Law, and Paul Lewis. Pickering & Chatto, London 2005 ISBN 1851967648.
• Unequal Partners: Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, and Victorian Authorship, by Lillian Nayder. Cornell University Press, 2002 ISBN 0801439256
• The Fate of Franklin, by Roderic Owen. London: Hutchinson, 1978.
• Lorraine McCann, review of the 2005 production of "The Frozen Deep" at www.edinburghguide.com

External links

• Project Gutenberg e-Text of Wilkie Collins's novella based on "The Frozen Deep."
• The Frozen Deep, audio book of Wilkie Collins's novella at Librivox
• The Edinburgh Festival's listing of the revival of "The Frozen Deep."