| Taoudenni | |
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Taoudenni
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| Coordinates: | |
| Country | Mali |
| Region | Tombouctou Region |
| Time zone | GMT (UTC+0) |
Taoudenni (also Taoudeni, Taoudénit, Taudeni) is a remote salt mining center in the desert region of northern Mali, 664 km (413 mi) north of Timbuktu. The salt is dug by hand from the bed of an ancient salt lake, cut into slabs and transported either by truck or by camel to Timbuktu. The camel caravans (azalai) from Taoudenni are some of the last that still operate in the Sahara. In the late 1960's during the regime of Moussa Traoré, a prison was built at the site and the inmates forced to work in the mines. The prison was closed in 1988.
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The earliest mention of Taoudenni is by al-Sadi in his Tarikh al-Sudan who wrote that in 1586 when Moroccan forces attacked the salt mining center of Taghaza (150 km north west of Taoudenni) some of the miners moved to 'Tawdani'.[1] In 1906 Édouard Cortier visited Taoudenni with a unit of the French camel corps (méharistes) and published the first description of the mines.[2] At the time the only building was the Ksar de Smida which had a surrounding wall with a single small entrance on the western side. The ruins are still visible 600 m north of the prison building.[3]
The Taoudenni mines are located on the bed of an ancient salt lake. The miners use crude axes to dig pits that usually measure 5 m by 5 m with a depth of 4 m. The miners first remove 1.5 m of red clay overburden, then several layers of poor quality salt before reaching three layers of high quality salt. The salt is cut into slabs that are 110 cm x 45 cm by 5 cm in thickness and weigh around 30 kg. Two of the high quality layers are of sufficient thickness to be split in half so that 5 slabs can be produced from the three layers. Having removed the salt from the base area of the pit, the miners excavate horizontally to create galleries from which additional slabs can be obtained.[4]
As each pit is exhausted another is dug so there are now thousands of pits spread over a wide area. Over the centuries salt has been extracted from three distinct areas of the depression with each successive area located further to the south west. The three areas can be clearly seen on satellite photographs. At the time of Édouard Cortier's visit in 1906 the mining area was 3 km south of the ksar,[5] in the 1950's the active mines were located in an area 5 km from the ksar,[6] while the current mines are at a distance of 9 km.[7]
In 2007-2008 there were around 350 teams of miners with each team usually consisting of an experienced miner with 2 labourers giving a total of around 1000 men. The men live in primitive huts constructed from blocks of inferior quality salt and work at the mines from October to April, avoiding the hottest months of the year when only about 10 of them remain.[8]
The slabs are transported across the desert via the oasis of Araouane to Timbuktu. In the past they were always carried by camel but recently some of the salt has been moved by four-wheel drive trucks.[9] By camel the journey to Timbuktu takes around three weeks with each camel carrying either four or five slabs. The typical arrangement is that for each four slabs transported to Timbuktu, one is for the miners and the other three are payment for the camel owners.[10]
Up to the middle of the 20th century the salt was transported in two large camel caravans (azalaï), one leaving Timbuktu in early November and a second leaving Timbuktu in late March at the end of the season.[11] Horace Miner, an American anthropologist who spent seven months in the town, estimated that in 1939-40 the winter caravan consisted of more than 4,000 camels and that the total production amounted to 35,000 slabs of salt.[12] Jean Clauzel records that the number of slabs reaching Timbuktu increased from 10,515 in 1926 to 160,000 (4800 t) in 1957-1958.[13] However, in the early 1970's the production decreased and at the end of the decade was between 50,000 and 70,000 slabs.[14]
A military post and a prison were built at Taoudenni in 1969, during the regime of Moussa Traoré. The prison was used to detain political prisoners until 1988 when it was closed.[15][16] Many of the prisoners were government officials who had been accused of plotting against the regime.[17] The prisoners worked in the salt mines and many of them died. To the east of the ruins of the prison building is a cemetery containing 140 individual graves, of which only a dozen have names. They include:[18]
Taoudenni is a remote site in one of the hottest regions on Earth, located over a hundred miles from the nearest inhabited location of any size. Featuring an extreme version of a Hot desert climate (Köppen BWh), Taudenni has one of the hottest known summers on the planet, with July average highs approaching 49 °C (120 °F), as well as very low levels of precipitation. Winters are also very warm. High temperatures average close to 27 °C (81 °F) even in the coolest month.
| Climate data for Taoudenni, Mali | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 26.2 (79.2) |
30.1 (86.2) |
32.5 (90.5) |
39.9 (103.8) |
42.6 (108.7) |
46.8 (116.2) |
47.9 (118.2) |
46.6 (115.9) |
44.1 (111.4) |
38.6 (101.5) |
31.7 (89.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
37.80 (100.03) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
29.8 (85.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
37.2 (99.0) |
38.7 (101.7) |
37.8 (100.0) |
35.8 (96.4) |
30.4 (86.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
29.09 (84.37) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.8 (67.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
22.2 (72.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
20.45 (68.81) |
| Precipitation cm (inches) | 0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.28) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.28) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Sunshine hours | 285 | 278 | 328 | 330 | 337 | 322 | 338 | 317 | 296 | 299 | 275 | 266 | 3,671 |
| Source: [19] | |||||||||||||