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Tajwīd (Arabic: تجويد taǧwīd) is an Arabic word for elocution, meaning proper pronunciation during recitation, as well as recitation at a moderate speed. It is a set of rules which govern how the Qur'an should be read. It is derived from the triliteral root ǧ-w-d, meaning to make well, make better, or improve. It is required by fard. There are Ten (tawātur) schools of Recitation, the most prevalent of which is the recitation of Imam 'Asim as transmitted by Imam Hafs.
Contents |
| Arabic alphabet | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ا ب ت ث ج ح | |||||
| خ د ذ ر ز س | |||||
| ش ص ض ط ظ ع | |||||
| غ ف ق ك ل | |||||
| م ن ه و ي | |||||
| History · Transliteration Diacritics · Hamza ء Numerals · Numeration |
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The Arabic alphabet has 28 basic letters.
The emission points of the letters, or Makhaarijul Huruf, is the study of where the sounds of the different letters are emitted from. There are 17 places, in various regions of the throat, tongue, lips, nose, as well as the mouth as a whole for the prolonged (Mudd) letters.
Western phoneticians call this place of articulation.
The characteristics of the letters, or Siffat al Huruf, refer to the different attributes of the letters. Western phoneticians call this the manner of articulation.
Some of the characteristics have opposites, while some are individual. An example of a characteristic would be the whistling (Safeer), which is an attribute sound of air escaping from a tube. Western phoneticians call this whistling characteristic fricative.
The NUN sakinah and tanween (vowels that produces a "nnn" sound immediately after it) can be pronounced in four different ways: Clear (Idhar))(ء،ه،ع ،ح،غ،خ), Merged with the next letter (Idgham), Hidden (Ikhfa), and changed from a "nnn" sound to a "mmm" sound (Iqlaab).
The MIM sakinah can be pronounced in three different ways, clear (Idhar), prolonged nasalization (Ghunnah), and uncloselipped (ikhfaa shafawee).
These rules refer to the number of beats that are pronounced when voweled letter is followed by a MUDD letter. The MUDD letters are Alif, Yaah, and Waw. The number of beats can range from 2 counts ordinarily. 4 or 5 counts when there is a Hamzah (ء), and the maximum six counts when it is followed by a shaddah.
The Arabic word for "the" is al- (the letters alif and lam). The lam in al- is pronounced if the letter after is "qamariyya" (lunar), but silent if the letter after is "shamsiyya" (solar).
The five qalqalah letters are ق,ط,ب,ج and د. Qalqalah, literally meaning unrest, is the vibration or bouncing sound of a letter whose vowel sound was cancelled by a sukūn or šaddah.[1] The lesser vibration occurs when the qalqalah letter is in the middle of a word or is at the end of the word but is joined to the word after it in continuous recitation.[1] The moderate vibration is when the qalqalah letter is at the end of the word but does not have a šaddah.[1] The greater vibration is when the qalqalah letter is at the end of the word and has a šaddah.[1]
Some of the Arabic letters are always pronounced thick with a heavy accent (Tafkhim). Some letters are pronounced thin with a light accent (Tarqeeq). The first category of letters are called "mufakham", the latter "muraqqaq". Some letters depend on the scenario, and are sometimes pronounced thick, and sometimes thin.