Scale model of the Achille, a typical French seventy-four of the Téméraire class at the beginning of the 19th century. |
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Class overview | |
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Name: | Téméraire |
Builders: | Toulon, Rochefort, Brest, Lorient, Antwerp, Genoa, Amsterdam, Cherbourg, Flushing, Venice |
Operators: | French Navy Royal Netherlands Navy |
Preceded by: | Centaure class |
Succeeded by: | Tonnant class |
Subclasses: | Téméraire (18 ships) Duquesne (46 ships) |
In commission: | 1782 (Téméraire) - 1862 (Couronne) |
Completed: | 107 |
General characteristics | |
Type: | ship of the line |
Displacement: | 2900 tonnes |
Length: | 55.87 m (172 French feet) |
Beam: | 14.90 m (44 French feet, 6 inches) |
Draught: | 7.26 m (22 French feet) |
Propulsion: | Sail 2485 m² |
Complement: | 700 men |
Armament: |
28 x 36 or 32 pdr (16 or 14 kg) |
Armour: | Timber |
Notes: |
Ships in class include: Téméraire sub-group: Téméraire, Audacieux, Superbe, Généreux, Commerce de Bordeaux, Ferme, Fougueux, Patriote, Commerce de Marseille, Borée, Orion, Léopard, Entreprenant, Impétueux, América, Apollon, Duquesne, Duguay-Trouin, Tourville, Aquilon, Jupiter, Éole, Vengeur, Jean Bart, Thésée, Scipion, Pompée, Suffren, Pyrrhus, Thémistocle, Trajan, Tigre, Tyrannicide, Nestor, Jemmapes, Barra, Marat, Droits de l'Homme, Wattignies, Cassard, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Viala, Spartiate, Hercule, Quatorze Juillet, Argonaute, Union, Duguay-Trouin, Aigle, Scipion, Héros, Brutus, Magnanime, Lion, Achille, Régulus, Courageux, Ajax, d'Hautpoult, Polonais, Tonnerre, Danube, Triomphant, Ulm, Golymin, Nestor, Marengo, Trident, Trajan, Agamemnon, Gaulois, Polyphème, Romulus, Ville de Marseille, Scipion (ii), Orion, Duguay-Trouin (ii), Colosse, Superbe, Brillant, Hercule (ii), Duc de Berry, Jean Bart, Triton, Couronne, Généreux (ii). |
The Téméraire class ships of the line was a class of 107 74-gun ships of the line built between 1782 and 1813 for the French navy. The type was and remains the most numerous class of capital ship ever built.
The class was designed by Jacques-Noël Sané as part of the fleet expansion programme instituted by Jean-Charles de Borda.
The design was appreciated in Britain, which eagerly commissioned captured ships and even copied the design with the Pompée class and America class.
Contents |
While all the French 74-gun ships from the mid-1780s until the close of the Napoleonic Wars were to the Téméraire design, there were three variants of the basic design which Sané developed with the same hull form of the Téméraire. In 1793 two ships were laid down at Brest to an enlarged design, in 1801 two ships were commenced at Lorient with a shorter length than the standard design (with a third ship commenced at Brest), and in 1803 two ships were commenced at Toulon to a smaller version (many more ships to this 'small type' were then built in the shipyards controlled by France in Italy and the Netherlands) - these are detailed separately below.
Three further ships to this design were begun at Castellammare di Stabia for the "puppet" Neapolitan Navy of Joachim Murat:
Two ships were laid down in 1793-94 at Brest to a variant of Sané's design with the aim of carrying 24-pounder guns on the upper deck instead of the 18-pounders carried by the Téméraire. These ships were 2 feet longer than the standard 74s, and half a foot wider. The first was begun as the Lion, but was renamed Glorieux in 1795 and Cassard in 1798. The second was begun as the Magnanime, but was renamed Quatorze Juillet in 1798 and Vétéran in 1802. Unlike the main sequence, construction proceeded slowly. By 1816 the 24-pounders had been replaced by 18-pounders, and no further ships to this variant design were produced, so indicating that it was not judged successful.
Two ships were begun in 1801 to a variation of the standard Téméraire design by Sane to meet the demands of Pierre-Alexandre Forfait. The length of these ships were reduced by 65 cm from the standard design. A third ship to this variant design begun at Brest was cancelled in 1804. After Forfait left the Ministry of the Marine in October 1801, no further vessels were ordered to this variant design.
Starting with the prototypes Pluton and Borée in 1803, a smaller version of the Téméraire class, officially named petit modèle, was designed by Jacques-Noël Sané to be produced in shipyards having a lesser depth of water than the principal French shipyards, primarily those in neighbouring states under French control and in foreign ports which had been absorbed into the French Empire such as Antwerp. The revised design measured 177 feet 7 inches on the waterline, 180 feet 1 inch on the deck, and 46 feet 11 inches moulded breadth. The depth of hull was 9 inches less than that in the "regular" Téméraire design.