Chloropyramine

Chloropyramine is a classical ("old" or first generation) antihistamine drug approved in some Eastern European countries for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and other atopic (allergic) conditions. Related indications for clinical use include Quincke's edema, allergic reactions to insect bites, food and drug allergies, and anaphylactic shock.

Chloropyramine is known as a competitive reversible H1-receptor antagonist (also known as an H1 inverse agonist), meaning that it exerts its pharmacological action by competing with histamine for the H1 subtype histamine receptor. By blocking the effects of histamine, the drug inhibits the vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and tissue edema associated with histamine release in the tissue. The H1-antagonistic properties of chloropyramine can be used by researchers for the purposes of blocking the effects of histamine on cells and tissues. In addition, chloropyramine has some anticholinergic properties.

Chloropyramine's anticholinergic properties and the fact that it can pass through the blood-brain barrier are linked to its clinical side effects: drowsiness, weakness, vertigo, fatigue, dryness in the mouth, constipation, and rarely - visual disturbances and increase of intraocular pressure.

Clinical dosage and administration

In cases of severe allergic reactions, chloropyramine can be injected intramuscularly or intravenously. Oral administration: In adults, 25 mg can be taken 3 to 4 times daily (up to 150 mg); in children over 5 years-old, 25 mg can be taken 2 to 3 times daily. For external application, the skin or the conjuctiva of the eye can be treated up to several times a day by applying a thin layer of cream or ointment containing 1% chloropyramine hydrochloride.

Contraindications

Contraindications for parenteral or oral administration include adenoma of the prostate, acute peptic ulcer, pyloric and duodenal stenosis, glaucoma, pregnancy, breast-feeding.

Special warnings and precautions

Chloropyramine should not be used internally with alcohol, sedative drugs and hypnotics because of the potentiation of the effects. It should be used with caution in patients suffering from hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular diseases, and bronchial asthma. In children, it can induce agitation, and in many adult patients dizziness may be observed. Because of the pronounced sedative effect the preparation should be prescribed cautiously in drivers and people working with machines.

Drug interactions

Chloropyramine should not be used internally with MAO inhibitors. Because of its anticholinergic activity, concurrent administration with cholinomimetics is not advisable. General anesthetics, analgesic agents and psycholeptics potentiate the sedative effect of chloropyramine.

Chemistry

Chloropyramine, N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N′,N′-dimethyl-N-2-pyridylethylenediamine, is synthesized by reacting 2-bromopyridine with N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N′,N′-dimethylethylenediamine. N-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-N′,N′-dimethylethylenediamine, in turn, is synthesized by condensation of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine followed by the subsequent reduction of the imine group.

• H.L. Kenneth, U.S. Patent 2,569,314 (1951).
• E.M. Cates, R.F. Phillips, U.S. Patent 2,607,778 (1952).
• J.R. Geigy AG., CH 264754  (1950).
• J.R. Geigy AG., CH 266234  (1950).
• J. R. Geigy AG., CH 266235  (1950).
• J.R. Geigy AG., GB 651596  (1951).
• Vaughan, J. R.; Anderson, G. W.; Clapp, R. C.; Clark, J. H.; English, J. P.; Howard, K. L.; Marson, H. W.; Sutherland, L. H. et al. (1949). "Antihistamine agents; halogenated N,N-dimethyl-N-benzyl-N-(2-pyridyl)-ethylenediamines". Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (2): 228. doi:10.1021/jo01154a006. PMID 18117722.  edit

References