| Strombidae | |
|---|---|
| Three shells of three species in the family Strombidae: lower left Laevistrombus canarium, upper center Lambis lambis, lower right Euprotomus aurisdianae | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| clade: | Caenogastropoda |
| clade: | Hypsogastropoda |
| clade: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Stromboidea |
| Family: | Strombidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
| Genera | |
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Strombidae, commonly known as the true conchs, is a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Stromboidea.
The family Strombidae includes the genera Strombus, Lambis, Tibia, and their allies. Many more species existed in the geological past than are now extant.
The term true conchs, being a common name, does not have an exact meaning. It may refer generally to any of the Strombidae[1] but sometimes is used more specifically to include only Strombus and Lambis[2] or just Strombus itself.[3]
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Strombid gastropods live mainly in tropical and subtropical waters. These animals are widespread in the Indo-West Pacific, where most species and genera occur.[4] Nearly forty of the living species that used to belong to the genus Strombus can be found in the Indo-Pacific region.[5] They also occur in the eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic, and a single species can be found on the African Atlantic coast.[4] Six species of strombids are found in the wider Caribbean region, including the queen conch Lobatus gigas, the goliath conch Lobatus goliath, the hawk-wing conch Lobatus raninus, the rooster tail conch Lobatus gallus, the milk conch Lobatus costatus, the West Indian fighting conch Strombus pugilis and the Florida fighting conch Strombus alatus. Until recently, all of these species were placed in the genus Strombus, but now many species are being moved into new genera.[6]
Strombids have long eye stalks, a long and narrow aperture, and a siphonal canal. The shell margin has an indentation near the anterior end which accommodates one of the eye stalks. This indentation is called a strombid or stromboid notch. The stromboid notch may be more or less conspicuous depending on the species. The shell of most species in this family grow a flared lip upon reaching sexual maturity, and they lay eggs in long, gelatinous strands. The genera Strombus and Lambis have many similarities between them, both anatomical and reproductive, though their shells show some conspicuous differences.
Strombid were widely accepted as carnivores by several authors in the 19th century, an erroneous conception that persisted for several decades into the first half of the 20th century. This ideology was probably born in the writings of Lamarck, who classified strombids alongside other supposedly carnivorous snails, and was posteriorly recovered by other authors. However, the many claims of those authors were never supported by the observation of animals in their natural habitat.[7] Nowadays, strombids are known to be specialized herbivores and occasional detritivores. They are usually associated with shallow water reefs and seagrass meadows.[8]
Unlike most snails, which glide slowly across the substrate on their foot, strombid gastropods have a characteristic means of locomotion, using their pointed, sickle-shaped, horny operculum to propel themselves forward in a so called leaping motion.[1][9]
Burrowing behaviour, in which an individual sinks itself entirely or partially into the substrate, is also frequent among strombid gastropods. The burrowing process itself, which involves distinct sequential movements and sometimes complex behaviours, is very characteristic of each species. Usually, large strombid gastropods such as the queen conch Eustrombus gigas and the spider conch Lambis lambis, won't bury themselves, except during their juvenile stage. On the other hand, smaller species such as the dog conch Strombus canarium and Strombus epidromis may bury themselves even after adulthood, though this is not an absolute rule.[10]
For a long time all conchs and their allies (the strombids) were classified in only two genera : Strombus and Lambis. This classification can still be found in many textbooks and on websites on the internet. Based on molecular phylogeny (independent of morphological data) [8] and a well-known fossil record, the genus Strombus has been subdivided in several new genera.[11]
The family Strombidae comprises several genera (extinct genera are marked with a dagger †), including[11]:
A cladogram (a tree of descent) based on an extensive morpho-anatomical analysis of representatives of Aporrhaidae, Strombidae, Xenophoridae and Struthiolariidae was proposed by Simone (2005).[12] A simplified part of this analysis, comprising only Strombidae representatives, is depicted below:
| Strombidae |
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Another cladogram, this time based on sequences of nuclear histone H3 and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes was proposed by Latiolais et al. (2006). The phylogenic relations of (32 analyzed) species that used to belong or still belong in the genus Strombus and Lambis are shown bellow[8]:
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