Trochidae

Trochidae
A shell of Trochus tiaratus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Vetigastropoda
Superfamily: Trochoidea
Family: Trochidae
Rafinesque, 1815
Subfamilies

9 subfamilies[1]

The Trochidae, common name top snails, are a taxonomic family of very small to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi from 2005).

This family is commonly known as the "top snails", because in many species the shell is shaped like an old-fashioned top. They are characterized by some primitive traits among the opisthobranchs : a heart with two atriums and external fertilization. They have retained only one kidney and the second osphradium has been lost in the course of evolution. They have a corneous operculum which fits the aperture snugly.

Contents

Taxonomy

2005 taxonomy

This family consists of six following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):

2008 taxonomy

The family Trochidae was redefined according to Williams et al. (2008).[2] The tribes from Trochinae were raised to subfamilies,[2] Margaritinae was moved to the family Turbinidae,[2] and Halistylinae provisionally stays in Trochidae.[2]

2010 taxonomy

Williams et al. (2010)[1] added three new subfamilies to Trochidae : Alcyninae, Fossarininae and Chrysostomatinae. The subfamily Lirulariinae is now incorporated within the subfamily Umboniinae. In this study was also shown that the subfamily Margaritinae is not monophyletic. Here is also shown, which genera were placed into these three new subfamilies:[1]

Distribution

This family has a worldwide distribution in tropical, temperate and arctic waters. Members of this family are among the most common marine snails along the rocky shores of Europe.

Ecology

Habitat

Many species in the family live either in the intertidal zone or in the shallow subtidal zone, but some live in deeper water. They are usually abundant on solid substrate, like rocky shores and reefs.[3]

Life cycle

The Trochidae are dioecious, and the fertilization occurs internally.[3] Top snail eggs are laid individually or in gelatinous egg masses in the water. Individuals may hatch as free-swimming planktonic larvae or juvenile crawlers.[3]

Feeding

This family of snails feed by grazing on algae and detritus, and more rarely by filter-feeding, as observed in the genus Umbonium.[3]

Genera

Genera within the family Trochidae include:

Alcyninae
Cantharidinae Gray, 1857
Chrysostomatinae
† Eucyclinae
Fossarininae Bandel, 2009
Halistylinae
Monodontinae
Stomatellinae
Trochinae 

Umboniinae - synonyms: Lirulariinae, tribe Bankiviini, tribe Isandini, tribe Talopiini and tribe Umboniini.


Other genera within the family Trochidae include[32][33][34]:

Unassigned

Subfamily ?

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Williams S. T., Donald K. M., Spencer H. G. & Nakano, T. (2010). "Molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families Trochidae and Calliostomatidae (Mollusca: Superfamily Trochoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54(3): 783-809. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.008
  2. ^ a b c d Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". Zoologica Scripta 37(5): 483-506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x
  3. ^ a b c d Poutiers, J. M. (1998). Gastropods in: FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1. Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome, FAO, 1998. page 399.
  4. ^ WoRMS (2009). Cantharidella Pilsbry, 1889. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413456 on 2010-04-29
  5. ^ WoRMS (2010). Cantharidus Montfort, 1810. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204763 on 2010-04-29
  6. ^ WoRMS (2009). Clelandella Winkworth, 1932. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138588 on 2010-04-29
  7. ^ WoRMS (2009). Gibbula Risso, 1826. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138590 on 2010-04-29
  8. ^ WoRMS (2010). Jujubinus Monterosato, 1884. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138591 on 2010-04-29
  9. ^ WoRMS (2009). Osilinus Philippi, 1847. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138594 on 2010-04-29
  10. ^ WoRMS (2009). Oxystele Philippi, 1847. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204998 on 2010-04-29
  11. ^ Gofas, S. (2009). Phorcus. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138595 on 2010-04-30
  12. ^ WoRMS (2010). Pseudotalopia Habe, 1961. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456499 on 2010-04-30
  13. ^ WoRMS (2009). Thalotia Gray, 1840. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225463 on 2010-04-30
  14. ^ WoRMS (2010). Synaptocochlea Pilsbry, 1890. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225460 on 2010-04-30
  15. ^ WoRMS (2009). Diloma. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=391149 on 2010-04-29
  16. ^ WoRMS (2009). Gena Gray, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204526 on 2010-04-30
  17. ^ WoRMS (2009). Pseudostomatella Thiele, 1921. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205955 on 2010-04-30
  18. ^ WoRMS (2009). Stomatella Lamarck, 1816. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180896 on 2010-04-30
  19. ^ WoRMS (2009). Stomatia. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206609 on 2010-04-30
  20. ^ WoRMS (2010). Stomatolina. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=203940 on 2010-04-30
  21. ^ WoRMS (2009). Clanculus Montfort, 1810. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138587 on 2010-04-22
  22. ^ WoRMS (2009). Ethalia H. & A. Adams, 1854. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=391536 on 2010-04-29
  23. ^ WoRMS (2009). Ethaliella Pilsbry, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413461 on 2010-04-29
  24. ^ WoRMS (2010). Ethminolia Iredale, 1924. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=298153 on 2010-04-29
  25. ^ WoRMS (2009). Isanda H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205323 on 2010-04-29
  26. ^ WoRMS (2009). Lirularia Dall, 1909. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413459 on 2010-04-29
  27. ^ WoRMS (2010). Monilea Swainson, 1840. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.eu/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206049 on 2010-04-29
  28. ^ WoRMS (2009). Pseudominolia Herbe, 1992. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180893 on 2010-04-30
  29. ^ WoRMS (2009). Rossiteria. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=391537 on 2010-04-29
  30. ^ WoRMS (2009). Umbonium Link, 1807. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205005 on 2010-04-29
  31. ^ WoRMS (2009). Vanitrochus. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=391538 on 2010-04-29
  32. ^ Checklist of Mollusca
  33. ^ "Trochidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=69794. 
  34. ^ Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
  35. ^ WoRMS (2009). Callumbonella Thiele, 1924. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138586 on 2010-04-29
  36. ^ WoRMS (2010). Micrelenchus Finlay, 1926. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456465 on 2010-04-29
  37. ^ WoRMS (2010). Thoristella Iredale, 1915. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.eu/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456529 on 2010-04-30
  38. ^ WoRMS (2009). Turcicula Dall, 1881. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138599 on 2010-04-30