Several European Union member states have special territories which, for historical, geographical, or political reasons, enjoy special status within or outside of the European Union. These statuses range from no or limited derogation from EU policies, limited inclusion in EU policies or none at all. Most of the territories which are outside the EU nonetheless enjoy a special relationship with the EU.
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The outermost regions (OMR) are nine regions of EU member states which are part of the EU. According to the EC Treaty, European Union law applies to these territories with possible derogations to take account of their "structural social and economic situation ... which is compounded by their remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, economic dependence on a few products, the permanence and combination of which severely restrain their development ...".[1] There were initially seven outermost regions, as established by the EC Treaty, but the Treaty of Lisbon included two additional territories, both of which seceded from one of the original outermost regions.
Azores and Madeira are two groups of Portuguese islands in the Atlantic. While derogations from the application of EU law could apply, none do. Their VAT is lower than the rest of Portugal, but they are not outside the European Union Value Added Tax Area.
The Canary Islands are a Spanish archipelago off the African coast which forms one of the Spanish Autonomous Communities, thus having the status of being part of Spanish territory. They are outside the European Union Value Added Tax Area.[2] The Canary Islands are the most populated and economically strongest territory of all the outermost regions in the European Union. The outermost regions office for support and information is located in these islands, in the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Gran Canaria).
French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion are four French overseas departments which under French law are, for the most part, treated as integral parts of the Republic. Each also forms a French overseas region. The euro is legal tender and they are part of the European Union Customs Union.[3] However they are outside the Schengen area and the VAT area.[2]
A fifth French Overseas Department, Mayotte, was created on 31 March 2011 when its status was changed from being a overseas collectivity. While Mayotte is currently an overseas country or territory, it is due to become an overseas region and thus part of the EU on 1 January 2014.[4]
On 22 February 2007, Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin were broken away from the French overseas department of Guadeloupe to be formed into two new overseas collectivities. As a consequence their status was unclear for a time. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that both islands remained within the EU as outermost regions,[5] European Commission documents listed them as being outside the European Community.[6] The legal status of the islands was clarified on the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty which lists them as outermost regions.[7]
In October 2010 the French government announced that Saint Barthélémy would cease to be an outermost region and instead become an OCT on 1 January 2012, a change which, they say, should facilitate trade with countries outside the EU, notably the United States.[8] The change in Saint Barthélémy's status was made possible by a provision of the Lisbon Treaty which allow the European Council to change the EU status of a Danish, Dutch or French territory on the initiative of the member state concerned.[9]
The overseas countries and territories (OCT) are twenty one territories that have a special relationship with one of the member states of the EU: twelve with the United Kingdom, six with France, two with the Netherlands and one with Denmark.[10] They are listed in Annex II acc. to Article 198 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and were invited to form association agreements with the EU and may opt in to EU provisions on freedom of movement for workers (Article 202 (ex Article 186)) and freedom of establishment (Article 199(5) (ex Article 183(5))). They are not subject to the EU's common external tariff (Article 200(1) (ex Article 184(1))) but may claim customs on goods imported from the EU on a non-discriminatory basis (Article 200(3) and 200(5) (ex Article 184(3) and (5))). They are not part of the EU, and EU law applies to them only insofar is necessary to implement the association agreements.
Twelve overseas territories of the United Kingdom (all but Gibraltar, which, unlike the other territories, is part of the European Union (see below), and the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on Cyprus), namely:
These are counted as Overseas Countries and Territories under the Treaty of Rome; however, Bermuda has chosen not to apply for this status.[11] All citizens of the British overseas territories – including those connected to Bermuda, but excluding those connected to Britain's sovereign bases in Cyprus – were granted full British citizenship by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 and are consequently citizens of the European Union.
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna are overseas collectivities (formerly referred to as overseas territories) of France, while New Caledonia is a "sui generis collectivity". Mayotte has recently become an overseas department on 31 March 2011, having previously been an overseas collectivity. While Mayotte is due to become an overseas region and part of the European Union on 1 January 2014, it remains an OCT and outside the EU until then.
Mayotte and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon are both part of the Eurozone,[12] while New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna use the CFP Franc, a currency which is tied to the euro and guaranteed by France. Natives of the collectivities are European citizens owing to their French citizenship and elections to the European Parliament are held in the collectivities. A declaration (43) annexed to the final act of the Treaty of Lisbon stated that upon request from the French government, the European Council would have to make a decision in order to make Mayotte an outermost region when "the evolution currently under way in the internal status of the island so allows".[7] (In March 2011, Mayotte became an overseas department and overseas region of France, a collectivité unique,[13] and the French government anticipates its becoming an Outermost Region.[14] French president Nicolas Sarkozy is expected to make a formal request to the Council of the European Union for Mayotte to become an OMR.[15])
The French Southern and Antarctic Territories (which include the French Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean) is a French Overseas Territory but have no permanent population.[16] Both have sui generis statuses within France.[17] It has overseas countries and territories status within the European Union.
After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are now autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. As the Netherlands Antilles, they were initially specifically excluded from all association with the EEC by reason of a protocol attached to the Treaty of Rome, allowing the Netherlands to ratify on behalf of the Netherlands and Netherlands New Guinea only, which it subsequently did.[18] Following the entry into force of the Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community on 1 October 1964, however, the Netherlands Antilles were counted as overseas territories. The inhabitants of the islands are EU citizens owing to their Dutch nationality, but most of them were not, until recently, entitled to vote in European Parliamentary Elections. This has been recently ruled to be contrary to EU law by the European Court of Justice as Dutch citizens resident outside the EU, other than those resident in either the former Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, were entitled to vote in the Dutch elections to the European Parliament.[19]
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba — collectively known as the BES islands or the Caribbean Netherlands — are now special municipalities of the Netherlands. They will remain OCTs at least until 2015.[20]
Aruba and the former Netherlands Antilles are listed in the OCT list in Annex II to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the latter with enumerating her former five component territories Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba.
Greenland is a special case among the overseas countries and territories as it is the only one which was once part of the Union (then called the European Community). Greenland had a referendum on membership and subsequently left in 1985. Greenlanders are, nonetheless, full European Union citizens owing to their Danish citizenship.
While the outermost regions and the overseas counties and territories fall into structured categories to which common mechanisms apply, this is not true of all the special territories. Some territories enjoy ad-hoc arrangements in their relationship with the EU. Some of these could be called "protocol territories" as their status is governed by protocols attached to their respective countries' accession treaties. The rest owe their status to European Union legislative provisions which exclude the territories from the application of the legislation concerned. Many opt out from either the VAT area or the customs union or both.
Åland, a group of islands belonging to Finland, but with partial autonomy, located between Sweden and Finland, with a Swedish-speaking population, joined the EU along with Finland in 1995. The islands had a separate referendum on accession and like the Finnish mainland voted in favour.
While most EU law applies to Åland it is outside the VAT area[2] and is exempt from common rules in relation to turnover taxes, excise duties and indirect taxation. There are also restrictions on the freedom of movement of people and services, the right of establishment, and the purchase or holding of real estate in Åland.[21]
The German exclave town of Büsingen am Hochrhein, fully surrounded by Switzerland, is in customs union with the latter non-EU country.[22] The euro is legal tender, although the Swiss franc is preferred. Büsingen is excluded from the EU customs union and VAT area.[2] Swiss VAT and sales taxes are paid.[23]
The Italian enclave village of Campione d'Italia is totally surrounded by Switzerland's Ticino (Tessin) canton as well as Lake Lugano (Lake Ceresio) and is in the Province of Como, whilst Livigno, a small and remote mountain resort town, is in the Italian province of Sondrio. Although part of the EU, they are excluded from the customs union and VAT area, with Livigno's tax status dating back to Napoleonic times.[2] Moreover, legal tender in Campione d'Italia is the Swiss Franc, even with the euro widely accepted.[24]
Ceuta and Melilla are two Spanish cities on the North African coast. They are excluded from the common agricultural and fisheries policies. They are also outside the customs union and VAT area,[2] but no customs are levied on goods exported from the Union into either Ceuta and Melilla, and certain goods originating in Ceuta and Melilla are exempt from customs charges.
Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man are British Crown dependencies, the former two being just off the French coast and the latter being in the middle of the Irish Sea. The islands take part in the EU freedom of movement of goods but not people, services or capital. The Channel Islands (as they were defined in 1972, when the UK joined the European Communities, now Jersey and Guernsey) are outside the VAT area (since they have no VAT), while the Isle of Man is inside it.[2] Both areas are inside the customs union.[3]
Channel Islanders and Manx people are British citizens and hence European citizens.[25] However, they are not entitled to take advantage of the freedom of movement of people or services unless they are directly connected (through birth, descent from a parent or grandparent, or five years' residence) with the United Kingdom.[26]
When the Republic of Cyprus became part of the European Union on 1 May 2004, the northern third of the island was outside of the effective control of its government, a United Nations buffer zone of varying width separated the two parts, and a further 3% of the island was taken up by UK sovereign bases (under British sovereignty since the Treaty of Establishment in 1960). Two protocols to the Treaty of Accession 2003 – numbers 3 and 10, known as the "Sovereign Base Areas Protocol" and the "Cyprus Protocol" respectively – reflect this complex situation.
EU law only applies fully to the part of the island that is effectively controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. EU law is suspended in the northern third of the island (the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, whose independence is recognised only by Turkey) by article 1(1) of the Cyprus Protocol.[27] Turkish Cypriots living there are nonetheless European citizens and are entitled, at least in principle, to vote in elections to the European Parliament; however, elections to that Parliament are not organised in northern Cyprus.
The United Kingdom has two sovereign bases on Cyprus, namely Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Unlike other British overseas territories, they are not listed as Overseas Countries and Territories under the Treaty of Rome and their inhabitants (who are entitled to British Overseas Territories Citizenship) have never been entitled to British citizenship.
Prior to Cypriot accession to the EU in 2004, EU law did not apply to the sovereign bases.[28] This position was changed by the Cypriot accession treaty and EU law, while still not applying in principle, applies to the extent necessary to implement a protocol attached to that treaty.[29] In practice this protocol applies a substantial portion of EU law to the sovereign bases including provisions relative to agricultural policy, customs and indirect taxation. The UK also agreed in the Protocol to keep enough control of the external (i.e. off-island and northern Cyprus) borders of the sovereign bases to ensure that the border between the sovereign bases and the Republic of Cyprus can remain fully open and will not have to be policed as an external EU border. Consequently the sovereign bases will become a de facto part of the Schengen Area if and when Cyprus implements it. The bases are already de facto members of the eurozone due to their previous use of the Cypriot pound before it was replaced by the euro in 2008.
As pointed out above, inhabitants of the sovereign bases have never been entitled to British citizenship or the European Union citizenship that would go with it.[30] However, apart from those temporarily living there in connection with the British forces, the majority of the inhabitants are nationals of the Republic of Cyprus and therefore European citizens.
The United Nations buffer zone between north and south Cyprus ranges in width from a few metres in central Nicosia to several kilometres in the countryside. While it is nominally under the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus, it is effectively administered by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). The population of the zone is 8,686 (as of October 2007), and one of the mandates of UNFICYP is "to encourage the fullest possible resumption of normal civilian activity in the buffer zone".[31] Article 2.1 of the Cyprus Protocol[27] allows the European Council to determine to what extent the provisions of EU law apply in the buffer zone.[32]
The Faroe Islands are not part of the EU. Danish citizens residing on the islands, who hold Faroese-Danish passports (modelled on the pre-EU green Danish passports), are not considered as citizens of a member state within the meaning of the treaties or, consequently, citizens of the European Union.[33] However Faroese may become EU citizens by changing their residence to the Danish mainland.
The Faroe Islands are not part of the Schengen Area, and Schengen visas are not valid. However, the islands are part of the Nordic Passport Union.[34] This means that there is an identity check upon arrival on the islands where Nordic citizens on intra-Nordic travel need no passport, only showing the ticket plus identity card.
Gibraltar is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula and overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar, sharing a border with Spain to the north. It is part of the EU, having joined the European Economic Community under the United Kingdom in 1973. Article 355(3) (ex Article 299(4)) applies the treaty to "the European territories for whose external relations a Member State is responsible", a provision which in practice only applies to Gibraltar. Notwithstanding its being part of the EU, Gibraltar is outside the customs union and VAT area and is exempted from the Common Agricultural Policy.[35] As a separate jurisdiction to the UK, Gibraltar's government and parliament are responsible for the transposition of EU law into local law.
Owing to a declaration lodged by the United Kingdom with the EEC in 1982 Gibraltarians were to be counted as British nationals for the purposes of Community law. This was notwithstanding that they were not all, at the time, British citizens but many were British Overseas Territories citizens. As such Gibraltarians have enjoyed European Union citizenship from its creation by the Maastricht Treaty. All Gibraltarians have since been granted full British citizenship.[30]
Despite their status as EU citizens resident in the EU, elections to the European Parliament were not held in Gibraltar until 2004. The inclusion resulted from the European Court of Human Rights' ruling in Matthews v. United Kingdom which deemed that Gibraltar's exclusion violated Article 3 of Protocol 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights. In the 2004 European Parliament election the territory formed part of the South West England constituency of the United Kingdom. The inclusion was unsuccessfully challenged by Spain before the European Court of Justice.[19]
Like the UK, Gibraltar does not form part of the Schengen Area and as a result the border between Spain and Gibraltar is an external Schengen border through which Spain is legally obliged to perform full entrance and exit controls. However Gibraltar does participate in certain police and judicial cooperation aspects of the Schengen acquis in line with the UK's request to participate in the same measures.[36]
With respect to the application of EU law to Gibraltar, the Governments of Spain and the United Kingdom made the following Declaration which is appended (as Declaration 55) to the Treaty on European Union: "The Treaties apply to Gibraltar as a European territory for whose external relations a Member State is responsible. This shall not imply changes in the respective positions of the Member States concerned."[37]
Heligoland is a German island situated 70 km (43 mi) off the German north-western coast. It is part of the EU, but is excluded from the customs union and the VAT area.[2]
Mount Athos is an autonomous monastic region of Greece. Greece's EU accession treaty provides that Mount Athos maintains its centuries-old special legal status,[38] guaranteed by article 105 of the Greek Constitution. It is part of the customs union but outside the VAT area.[2] Notwithstanding that a special permit is required to enter the peninsula and a prohibition on the admittance of women, it is part of the Schengen Area.[39] A declaration attached to Greece's accession treaty to the Schengen Agreement states that Mount Athos's "special status" should be taken into account in the application of the Schengen rules.[40]
Finland leases the Russian part of the Saimaa Canal and the island of Maly Vysotsky from Russia. The area is not part of the EU; it is a special part of Russia, and under the treaty signed by Finnish and Russian governments, as of 2010 Maly Vysotsky is managed by Russian authorities. Russian law is in force, with a few exceptions concerning maritime rules and the employment of canal staff, which fall under Finnish jurisdiction. There are also special rules concerning vessels travelling to Finland via the canal. Russian visas are not required for just passing through the canal, but a passport is needed and it is checked at the border. Euros are accepted for the canal fees.
Many currently independent states or parts of such were previously territories of the following EU members:
Most of them left their former mother country before the implementation of the Maastricht treaty in 1993 and the following years, meaning that cooperations like the EU citizenship, the VAT union or the Eurozone did not exist, so it made less difference to be a special territory then.
These were:
Additionally in Europe there were special territories in the past that had different status than their "mainland", because of various reasons, but now are part of a member state. Some of these territories were as follows:
This table summarises the various components of EU laws applied in the EU member states and their sovereign territories. Member states that do not have special-status territories are not included (as there the EU law applies fully with the exception of the opt-outs in the European Union and states under a safeguard clause or transitional period). Some territories of EFTA member states also have a special status in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some European microstates.
| Member states and sovereign territories |
Application of EU law |
Enforceable in local courts |
EURATOM |
EU citizenship |
EU elections |
Schengen area |
EU VAT area |
EU customs territory |
EU single market |
Eurozone |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyprus, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Set to implement later | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Northern Cyprus | Suspended | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No[54] | No[55] | No, TRY | |
| UN Buffer Zone | ? | ? | ? | Yes | Yes |
? | No[56] | ? | ? | de facto | |
| Denmark, except: | Yes[57] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No, ERM II with DKK | |
| Greenland | Minimal (OCT) | Yes | No[58] | Yes | No | No | No | No[54] | Partial[59] | No, DKK | |
| Faroe Islands | No | No | No[60] | No | No | No | No | No[54] | Minimal (FTA)[61] | No, DKK | |
| Finland, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Åland Islands | With exemptions | Yes | Yes[62] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes[54] | With exemptions | Yes | |
| Russia Saimaa Canal and Maly Vysotsky Island | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? | ? | de facto | |
| France (Metropolitan), except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Réunion | With exemptions (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | Yes[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| French Guiana | With exemptions (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | Yes[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| Martinique | With exemptions (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | Yes[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| Guadeloupe | With exemptions (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | Yes[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| Saint Barthélemy | With exemptions (OMR)[8][64][65] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | Yes[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| Saint Martin | With exemptions (OMR)[64] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | Yes[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| Mayotte | Minimal (OCT) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No[54] | Partial[59] | Yes[66] | |
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Minimal (OCT) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No[54] | Partial[59] | Yes[66] | |
| Wallis and Futuna | Minimal (OCT) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No[54] | Partial[59] | XPF is pegged to Euro | |
| French Polynesia | Minimal (OCT) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No[54] | Partial[59] | XPF is pegged to Euro | |
| New Caledonia | Minimal (OCT) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No[54] | Partial[59] | XPF is pegged to Euro | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Lands | Minimal (OCT) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No[54] | Partial[59] | Yes[67] | |
| Clipperton Island | Yes[67][68] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No[63] | Yes[67][68] | Yes[67][68] | Yes[67][68] | Yes[67][68] | |
| Germany, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Büsingen am Hochrhein | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[69] | No | No[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| Heligoland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| Greece, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Mount Athos | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| Italy, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Livigno | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No[54] | Yes | Yes | |
| Campione d'Italia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[69] | No | No[54] | Yes | No, CHF[24] | |
| Netherlands, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Aruba | Minimal (OCT) | No | Unsure[45][60] | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | No[3] | Partial[59] | No, AWG | |
| Bonaire | Minimal (OCT) | No | No[70] | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | No[3] | Partial[59] | No, USD[71] | |
| Curaçao | Minimal (OCT) | No | No[72] | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | No[3] | Partial[59] | No, ANG[73] | |
| Saba | Minimal (OCT) | No | No[70] | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | No[3] | Partial[59] | No, USD[71] | |
| Sint Eustatius | Minimal (OCT) | No | No[70] | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | No[3] | Partial[59] | No, USD[71] | |
| Sint Maarten | Minimal (OCT) | No | No[72] | Yes | Yes | No[63] | No | No[3] | Partial[59] | No, ANG[73] | |
| Portugal, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Azores | With exemptions (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Madeira | With exemptions (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Spain, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Canary Islands | With exemptions (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Ceuta | With exemptions |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[74] | No | No | Minimal (FTA)[75] | Yes | |
| Melilla | With exemptions |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[74] | No | No | Minimal (FTA)[75] | Yes | |
| Plazas de soberanía, other than Ceuta and Melilla |
Yes[76] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[76] | Yes[76] | Yes[76] | Yes[76] | |
| United Kingdom, except: | Yes[57] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Police and judicial cooperation only[77] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No, GBP | |
| Gibraltar | With exemptions[78] | Yes[78] | Yes[60] | Yes[79] | Yes | Police and judicial cooperation only[77] | No | No | With exemptions | No, GIP | |
| Akrotiri and Dhekelia | With exemptions[80] | Yes[81] | No[60] | No | No | Set to implement later[82] | Yes[83] | Yes[3] | With exemptions |
Yes[84] | |
| Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | Minimal (OCT) | Yes[85] | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, SHP | |
| Pitcairn Islands | Minimal (OCT) | Yes[87] | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, NZD | |
| Falkland Islands | Minimal (OCT) | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, FKP | |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | Minimal (OCT) | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, GBP | |
| British Antarctic Territory | Minimal (OCT) | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, GBP[88] | |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | Minimal (OCT) | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, GBP, USD[89] | |
| Anguilla | Minimal (OCT) | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, XCD | |
| Montserrat | Minimal (OCT) | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, XCD | |
| British Virgin Islands | Minimal (OCT) | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, USD | |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | Minimal (OCT) | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, USD | |
| Cayman Islands | Minimal (OCT) | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, KYD | |
| Bermuda | Minimal[11][86] | No | Yes[60][86] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial[59] | No, BMD | |
| Isle of Man | Partial[90] | Yes[91] | Partial[60][90] | Partial[92] | No | No[77] | Yes[83] | Yes[3] | Minimal (FTA)[93] | No, GBP | |
| Guernsey together with dependencies Alderney, Herm and Sark | Partial[90] | Yes[94] | Partial[60][90] | Partial[92] | No | No[77] | No[83] | Yes[3] | Minimal (FTA)[93] | No, GBP | |
| Jersey | Partial[90] | Yes[95] | Partial[60][90] | Partial[92] | No | No[77] | No[83] | Yes[3] | Minimal (FTA)[93] | No, GBP | |
| Member states and sovereign territories |
Application of EU law |
Enforceable in local courts? |
EURATOM? |
EU citizenship? |
EU elections? |
Schengen area? |
EU VAT area? |
EU customs territory? |
EU single market? |
Eurozone? |
|
Legend for the "Application of EU law" column: [Full or with exemptions.[96]] — [Partial] — [Minimal or none. Not part of the EU.]
The High Contracting Parties,
Anxious, at the time of signature of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, to define the scope of the provisions of Article 227 of this Treaty in respect of the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Have agreed upon the following provisions, which shall be annexed to this Treaty:
The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, by reason of the constitutional structure of the Kingdom resulting from the Statute of 29 December 1954, shall, by way of derogation from Article 227, be entitled to ratify the Treaty on behalf of the Kingdom in Europe and Netherlands New Guinea only.
Done at Rome this twenty-fifth day of March in the year one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven.
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