Singapore Civil Defence Force

Singapore Civil Defence Force
Pasukan Pertahanan Awam Singapura
சிங்கப்பூர் குடிமைத் தற்காப்புப் படை
新加坡民防部队
Crest of the Singapore Civil Defence Force
Agency overview
Formed	1986
Preceding agency	Singapore Fire Service
Jurisdiction	Government of Singapore
Headquarters	91 Ubi Ave 4, Singapore
Employees	6,000
Agency executive	Peter Benedict Lim Sin Pang, Commissioner SCDF
Parent agency	Ministry of Home Affairs
Website
http://www.scdf.gov.sg/

The Singapore Civil Defence Force (abbreviation: SCDF; Chinese: 新加坡民防部队; Malay: Pasukan Pertahanan Awam Singapura; Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் குடிமைத் தற்காப்புப் படை) is the main agency in charge of the provision of emergency services in Singapore during peacetime and emergency.

A uniformed organisation under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the main role of SCDF is to provide fire-fighting, rescue and emergency ambulance services; mitigating hazardous materials incidents, as well as formulate, implement and enforce regulations on fire safety and civil defence shelter matters.^[1] It also plays a major role in the Republic's disaster relief operations. SCDF was classified as a heavy USAR team by INSARAG on 18 January 2009, the highest level possible for any USAR team.^[2]

Contents 1 History 2 Organisation Structure 2.1 Headquarters 2.2 Operational Divisions 2.3 Training Divisions 3 Appliances 3.1 Paramedical Response Vehicles 3.2 Firefighting Appliances 3.3 Hazmat Appliances 3.4 Command Elements 3.5 Special Vehicles 4 Operation Lionheart 5 Ranks and Badges 5.1 Ranks 5.2 Badges 5.3 Specialist Tabs 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

History

As early as 1855, Singapore's first Fire Committee was formed after a fire in Kling Street destroyed S$13,000 worth of property on 7 November 1855. Prior to this, fires were attended to by uniformed groups which included the police, sepoys, marine soldiers and even convicts. On 7 September 1869, the Governor Major-General Sir Harry St. George Ord enacted the Fire Ordinance and appointed the Colonial Engineer as Chairman of the Fire Commission for Singapore. In 1888, the Singapore Fire Brigade was established and with sufficient funding, gained recognition as a fully equipped professional brigade. By 1909, there were a total of three built stations servicing Singapore, namely Central Fire Station at Hill Street, Cross Street and Kallang Fire Stations.^[3]

Over the early years of independence, the Singapore Fire Brigade faced several major incidents, such as the Bukit Ho Swee Fire of 1961, the Robinson Fire of 1972, and the Spyros explosion and fire of 1978. In 1980, the Singapore Fire Service (SFS) became the official name for the brigade. In 1982, the National Civil Defence Plan was launched which spearheaded the emergency preparedness for the nation. With the enactment of the Civil Defence Act in 1986, the SCDF was established as an independent organisation under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). In the same year, the Hotel New World disaster paved the way for joint operations between the SCDF and Singapore Fire Service (SFS). Due to the similarity in roles and functions, the SCDF and SFS were formally integrated on 15 April 1989.^[4]

Organisation Structure

Formally, the SCDF is branched into 6 Operational and Training Divisions beneath the Headquarters Element. Of these six, four are known as Operational Divisions, also known as Territorial Divisions, and each cover vast sections of Singapore corresponding roughly to the four cardinal points of the compass. Each of the divisions possess their own bunkered and mobile Command Centres, Hazmat response capabilities, as well as full internal administration structures.

The two core training establishments, namely the Civil Defence Academy (CDA) and National Service Training Institute (NSTI), while not covering any territory or have any primarily operational concerns, are recognised as divisions unto themselves with full administration, supply and support units. These units, however, would become operationally active divisions in times of emergency or war.

Headquarters

The Headquarters complex of SCDF contains the Command Centre for all operations nationwide. It is co-located with the DART (Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team) Base, Central Supply Base and Paya Lebar Fire Station in a secured compound off Ubi Avenue 4. In addition to command and control, logistics, and operational facilities, HQ SCDF is also made up of an administration structure consisting of numerous staff departments. These staff departments, listed below, coordinate and carry out the administration of various key aspects of the Force, under the command of the Commissioners and Department Directors.

• Operations Department
• Service Support Unit
• Planning and Corporate Department
• Medical Department
• Training Department
• Service Excellence Department
• Technology Department
• Logistics Department
• Public Affairs Department
• Manpower Department
• Finance Department
• National Service Personnel Department
• Fire Safety and Shelter Department
• Central Enforcement Department (New department taking over enforcement functions of FSSD and Hazmat Dept)
• HazMat Department (Formerly HazMat Branch in Operations Department)

Operational Divisions

• The 1st Division oversees operations in the general south of Singapore, stretching from Clementi to the Central Business District (CBD). It is also in charge of Jurong Island, an important oil refining centre. The division headquarters is located at Queensway, behind Alexandra Hospital, together with the Queenstown Police Centre and Alexandra Fire Station.

• The 2nd Division oversees operations in the east of Singapore, including Paya Lebar, where the HQ complex is located, as well as Changi Airport. The headquarters are located in Tampines, co-located with the Tampines Fire Station.

• The 3rd Division covers the northern segment of Singapore, and is headquartered at Yishun together with Yishun Fire Station.

• The 4th Division oversees operations in the west of Singapore, and is headquartered at Bukit Batok, together with Bukit Batok Fire Station.

Training Divisions

• The Civil Defence Academy (CDA) conducts training courses for various vocations and specialisations, ranging from firefighters to medics to physical training instructors (PTIs) and officers, both senior and junior. Although primarily to prepare recruits freshly graduated from the BRTC for operational duty, the CDA also frequently hosts guest trainees from outside the SCDF, including fire brigades and emergency crews from other nations. While courses such as the International Fire-fighting Course are specially designed and held for these guests, some of these guests trainees train together with Singapore trainees in the Section Commander Course (SCC) and/or Rota Commander Course (RCC), graduating together with NSFs and regulars as either junior specialists or senior officers.

• The National Service Training Institute (NSTI) comprises two centres, the Basic Rescue Training Centre (BRTC) and In-Camp Training Centre. The BRTC trains enlistees, with a new battalion of 3-4 companies passing out every quarter with competency in basic rescue skills as well as an adequate level of fitness. The In-Camp Training Centre trains Operationally Ready NSmen. The NSTI also houses a detention block with razor wire fences installed around the building, as in Singapore Armed Forces military camps.

Both the CDA and NSTI complexes are co-located in Choa Chu Kang, along Jalan Bahar.

Appliances

The Singapore Civil Defence Force maintains a large fleet of custom-made vehicles (referred to as appliances) to provide an emergency response force capable of mitigating any and all kinds of fires and disasters. Ranging from the generic fire truck and ambulance, to more sophisticated mobile command structures and disaster mitigation vehicles such as Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) Pods, many of the appliances were designed and commissioned by the Force itself which prides itself in customising its own fleet as opposed to obtaining ready-made designs from industries. This is directed towards improving the Force's response capability towards an increasingly large variety of emergency scenarios and threats, in addition to basic firefighting and paramedical services, particularly in the Singapore context.

The following list of appliances is not exhaustive, and is grouped according to application as well as the order of scale of response capability.

Paramedical Response Vehicles

• Fast Response Paramedic (FRP)
  • Essentially a paramedic on a heavy motorcycle with a small array of portable first aid equipment and tools, the FRP is meant to provide the most rapid form of emergency medical response. This is especially useful when there are traffic jams on roads leading to an incident site which would delay a conventional ambulance.

• Ambulance
  • Often referred to as the "Alpha", the red and white SCDF ambulance forms the backbone of Singapore's medical emergency response capability, and is the most widely-deployed appliance. Each ambulance is staffed by an ambulance driver, a paramedic, and a medical orderly. Occasionally, a Fire & Rescue Specialist or ERS trainee may also be attached to an ambulance unit.

• SWIFT (Station With Immediate First-aid Treatment)
  • The SWIFT is a "Transformer" vehicle, and functions as a mobile hospital. On the roads, it takes the form of a vehicle roughly the size of a small bus, and expands on both sides when it reaches the incident site. When fully deployed, it is capable of treating a large number of patients concurrently on operating tables that slide out beneath its "wings".
  • This vehicle is seldom used other than for mass-casualty events requiring on-site treatment capabilities.

Firefighting Appliances

• Fire Bike
  • The fire bike is essentially operate by a firefighter on a motorbike, equipped with an impulse water canon. The fire bikes are often deployed as rapid-response units or scouts to minor incidents, such as small fires. They are often backed up by a Red Rhino.

• Light Fire Attack Vehicle (LFAV aka Red Rhino)
  • A brainchild of Former-SCDF Commissioner James Tan, and known affectionately as the "Red Rhino", the LFAV is an all-terrain vehicle with a small pump and monitor turret capable of seating 4-5 responders. It is seen around the country parked near to Fire Posts, and is designed to traverse off roads to aid in firefighting of densely built-up areas without road access which conventional Pumper-Ladders may not be able to reach.
  • The Red Rhino was designed and conceptualised in Singapore, being manufactured by the company ComfortDelGro.

• Rapid Mitigation Vehicle (RMV)
  • A variation of the original LFAV Red Rhino, the Rapid Mitigation Vehicle uses a long-range water mist monitor instead of a standard Apollo water monitor to save water and more effectively combat fire.

• Pump-Ladder (PL)
  • The pumper ladder is otherwise known as the generic Fire Engine. It is one of the mainstays of SCDF's firefighting capability, and is the vehicle most often seen at the scene of a fire.
  • The PL typically carries a wide range of equipments required for emergencies, ranging from hoses, to breathing apparatuses, to rescue equipments such as the hydraulic spreader cutter and to chemical agent suits required for Hazmat decontamination or mitigation incidents before the arrival of a Hazmat team.

• Combined Platform-Ladder (CPL)
  • CPL is basically a PL with a hydraulic ladder-platform which can be raised high enough for height rescue and firefighting, such as with a high-rise apartment fire. Models such as the Bronto CPL can reach heights up to 32 metres.

• Aerial Ladder (AL)
  • A vehicle with a superstructure and rescue cage that is 60 metres in length. It is primarily used during height rescues for trapped victims during emergency situations. It can also be used to combat fires through external fire-fighting.

• Tracked Firefighting Vehicle (TFV)
  • Several Bandvagn 206 (Bv206) were transferred from the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) to the SCDF, painted in the SCDF colours of red and white, and subsequently fitted with the necessary firefighting equipment and capabilities. The TFV is designed for use in forested areas where wheeled vehicles may have difficulty in reaching.

Hazmat Appliances

• HazMat Enforcement Bikes
  • Since 2006, the SCDF has implemented a nationwide monitoring system for vehicles carrying Hazardous Materials, such as fuel, in which their position is tracked from SCDF and Police HQ. When a certain vehicle carrying, for example, high explosives, approaches a zone to which it is out of bounds, such as the downtown Central Business District, an alarm will trigger and SCDF will disable the vehicle as well as dispatch enforcement bikes quickly to the location to deal with the errant vehicle.
  • The enforcement bikes are ridden by Provost officers, and may be backed up by the police, to mitigate the threat posed by such a vehicle by securing it and moving it away from the area.

• Hazmat Decon Pod
  • The Hazmat Decon Pod sucks in contaminated air and purifies it at a high rate in order to remove atmospheric toxic material and render an area more hospitable for work following a chemical, biological or radiological (CBR) incident.

• Personnel Decontamination Vehicle (PDV)
  • The size of a large bus, the PDV is one of the largest operational appliances that the SCDF has. It is the main mode of transport and response of the Special Rescue Battalion, housed at the BRTC. It is also designed to cater for mass casualty incidents involving (CBR) substances, and is fully equipped to decontaminate, by shower, a large amount of casualties at one go when deployed.
  • Outside HazMat incidents, it functions as a troop carrier for the SRB, as well as a super-ambulance capable of evacuating an entire busload of casualties to hospital for treatment.

• Special Decontamination vehicle (SDV)
  • The SDV, in addition to performing the function of the Hazmat Decon Pod, also decontaminates the terrain with a large amount of water and carries specialised equipment used by the Special Rescue Battalion.

Command Elements

• Command Post (CP)
  • Roughly larger than an ambulance, the Command Post is deployed to incident sites (such as a building collapse) together with a rescue battalion where co-ordination of rescue and recovery efforts takes place.

• Hazmat Command Vehicle (HCV)
  • The Hazmat Command Vehicle is essentially a Command Post specifically designed for command and control during a CBR incident. It is equipped for this task with a wide array of instruments and sensors which can, for example, monitor and help predict toxic material presence and dispersion in the wind.

• Forward Command Vehicle (FCV)
  • The FCV is a larger version of the command post, and is deployed at the Division Level. It serves the purpose of a mobile communications and control centre and is deployed during more serious incidents requiring division-level advanced command capabilities.

• Command Vehicle (CV)
  • SCDF maintains a fleet of 5 Command Vehicles, which together function as a mobile headquarters command and control centre. The vehicles are the size of a large bus, and when deployed, the body of the vehicle stretches to thrice its size on the road, allowing ample space inside the vehicle for personnel and essential computer and communications equipment.
  • These Command Vehicles are only deployed to strategic locations to provide forward tactical headquarters capability in major incidents or high-risk events, such as the recent IMF-World Bank conference held in Singapore in 2006.

Special Vehicles

• Breathing Apparatus Tender (BAT)
  • A vehicleed includes breathing apparatus and life detection equipment.

• Heavy Rescue Tender (HRT)
  • Like the SRT, the HRT is used primarily by the DART unit, and carries specialised equipment catering to uncommon or major incidents, such as structural collapses and underwater rescue. The special equipment is carried in mobular containers which can be interchanged to suit the operation before being deployed, and the vehicle possesses a crane as well.

Operation Lionheart

SCDF maintains a rescue contingent on 24-hour standby under the codename Operation Lionheart to provide rescue and humanitarian assistance and support to countries stricken by major disasters. Since its formation in 1990, the Operation Lionheart contingent had responded to 13 overseas missions.^[5]

Below is the breakdown of the missions:

Disaster	Country	Year
Baguio City Earthquake	Baguio City, Philippines	Jul 1990
Highland Towers Collapse	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Dec 1993
Tai Chung County Earthquake	Taiwan	Sep 1999
Asian Tsunami Disaster	Aceh, Indonesia	Dec 2004
Asian Tsunami Disaster	Khao Lak, Thailand	Dec 2004
Sumatra Earthquake	Nias Island, Indonesia	Mar 2005
Rokan Hilir Bush Fires	Sumatra, Indonesia	Aug 2005
South Asian Earthquake	Muzaffarabad, Pakistan	Oct 2005
Central Java Earthquake	Central Java, Indonesia	May 2006
Sichuan Earthquake	Sichuan, China	May 2008
Padang City Earthquake	Sumatra, Indonesia	Oct 2009
Christchurch Earthquake	Christchurch, New Zealand	Mar 2011
Japan Earthquake	Soma City, Japan	Mar 2011

Ranks and Badges

Ranks

These ranks feature the following charges:

• Chevrons - a V-shaped marking
• Curved Bar - a U-shaped marking
• Pips - Four-sided starbursts with the crescent and stars from the National Arms of Singapore at the centre
• National Arms - The National Arms of Singapore when used as a rank insignia is rendered differently from its original depiction. The rank version of the National Arms still depicts the lion, tiger and the shield with the crescent & five stars. However, the rank version of the National Arms replaces the original water spurts with palm laurels and does away with the motto-scroll bearing "Majulah Singapura"
• Commissioner's Badge - Two axes in saltire within laurels

The ranks are displayed here in descending order from highest seniority at the top to lowest at the bottom.

Commissioners

• Commissioner - Commissioner's Badge, topped with a pip and the National Arms, in that order
• (DC) Deputy Commissioner - Commissioner's Badge, topped with the National Arms
• (SAC) Senior Assistant Commissioner - Commissioner's Badge, topped with two pips
• (AC) Assistant Commissioner - Commissioner's Badge, topped with a pip

Commissioned Officers (Senior Officers)

• (COL) Colonel - three National Arms
• (LTC) Lieutenant-Colonel - two National Arms
• (MAJ) Major - one National Arms
• (CPT) Captain - three pips
• (LTA) Lieutenant - two pips

Warrant Officers

• (SWO) 1st Senior Warrant Officer - National Arms enclosed by a curved bar below and four inverted chevrons above
• (SWO2) 2nd Senior Warrant Officer - National Arms enclosed by a curved bar below and three inverted chevrons above
• (WO1) 1st Warrant Officer - National Arms enclosed by a curved bar below and two inverted chevrons above
• (WO2) 2nd Warrant Officer - National Arms enclosed by a curved bar below and an inverted chevron above

Specialists (Junior Officers)

• (SSG) Staff Sergeant - three chevrons topped with the National Arms
• (SGT) Sergeant - three chevrons

Emergency Response Specialists and Basic Officer Course

• (OCT) Senior RCC - two horizontal bars
• (OCT) Junior RCC - one horizontal bar
• (SCT) Senior SCC - two inverted chevrons
• (SCT) Junior SCC - one inverted chevron

Non-Commissioned Officers

• (CPL) Corporal - two chevrons
• (LCP) Lance Corporal - one chevron
• (PTE) Private - no insignia
• (REC) Recruit - no insignia

Badges

• Fire Badge
• Paracounsellor Badge
• Paramedic Badge
• Medical Orderly Badge
• Civil Defence Triangle - awarded to personnel who participated in the rescue operations for the Hotel New World disaster

The above badges are worn above the left breast pocket, higher up from service medals or ribbons, and typically identify personnel with major specialist training and/or experience. As there are a number of SCDF Officers who are formerly from SAF still continue to don their SAF service medals or ribbons.

Specialist Tabs

• DART Tab
• Paramedic Tab
• Trauma Paramedic Tab
• Hazmat Tab
• CBRE Tab
• Fire Investigation Tab

These specialist tabs bearing the titles are worn on the uniform top left sleeve. Gold and Silver Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT) Badges that signify personnel with outstanding physical proficiency are worn on the left sleeve, beneath any Specialist title decorations.

In popular culture

Fictional Television programs

• Fiery Passion (烈焰焚情), 12 February 1992
• On the Frontline (穿梭生死线), 2000
• Life Line, 2005
• Without Warning 26 October 2006
• Life Line 2, 15 May 2007

See also

• Civil Defence Auxiliary Unit
• National Service in Singapore
• SAMU, an equivalent organization in France

References

• Joan Hon (1988). 100 Years of the Singapore Fire Service. Times Books International. ISBN 9971-65-513-6.

External links

• Singapore Civil Defence Force Official website

Fire services around the world Albania · Finland · France · Germany · Hong Kong · Israel · Italy · Singapore · Macau · New Zealand · United Kingdom · United States

Firefighting Personnel Firefighter Fire chief Fire marshal Firefighter Assist and Search Team Fire Police Handcrews Helitack Hotshots Smokejumper Station officer Volunteer fire department Women in firefighting Facilities Fire Department Fire camp Fire lookout tower Fire Service College Fire station Equipment Glossary of firefighting equipment Bunker gear Escape chair Fire apparatus Fire bike Fire chief's vehicle Fire extinguisher Fire hose Fire hydrant Fire retardant Fire station Fireman's switch Flame retardant Hard suction hose Heat detector List of fire-retardant materials Nomex PASS Rescue pumper SCBA Siren Smoke detector Splash suit Super Scooper Thermal imaging camera Fog nozzle Terminology Glossary of firefighting terms Glossary of wildland fire terms Aerial firefighting Dead Man Zone Draft Fire classes Fire control Fire safety Fire triangle Fireman's carry Firewall Flash fire Forcible entry Gaseous fire suppression Master stream Stop, drop and roll Structure fire Two-in, two-out Ventilation Wetdown Wildfire Wildfire suppression Miscellaneous Fire engine red Firefighting worldwide History of firefighting Incident Command System International Association of Fire Fighters International Firefighters' Day List of historic fires List of firefighting films London Fire Brigade Museum National Fire Incident Reporting System National Fire Protection Association Saint Florian World Police and Fire Games Muster Fire Service Exploring