Shopi
Shopi (scientific transliteration of Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian Cyrillic: Шопи; Serbian latin Šopi ; singular шоп, shop) is a regional term referring to people that speak a transitional dialect group of South Slavic, self-identifying as Bulgarians, Macedonians and Serbs. The areas traditionally inhabited by the Shopi is called Shopluk (Шоплук, Shopluk/srb. Šopluk), roughly where Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia meet.[1]
The Shopluk is a so called meso region,[2] but has nevertheless been given an ethnographic character by Serbian and Bulgarian writers.
Name
According to Institute for Balkan Studies, the Shopluk was the mountainous area on the borders of Serbia, Bulgaria and Macedonia, of which boundaries are quite vague, the term Shop has always denoted highlanders.[3] Shopluk was used by Bulgarians to refer to the borderlands of Bulgaria, the inhabitants were called Shopi.[4] In Bulgaria, the Shopi designation is currently attributed to villagers around Sofia.[5]
Shopluk area
- Southeastern Serbia
- Western Bulgaria
- Northeastern Macedonia
Classification
The noting of Shopi as a "group" began in the 19th-century migrational waves of poor workers from the so-called Shopluk, poor areas (villages) beyond Sofia.[7]
Yugoslav and Serbian writers put the Šopi (also Šopovi[8]) as a subgroup of the Serb ethnos, emphasizing on the group being closer to Serbs than Bulgarians culturally and linguistically, calling it a population in a foreign (Bulgarian) area, at the Serbo-Bulgarian border.[9] The Šopi left of the Pchinja river down to the Vardar called their language Serbian.[10] Serbian ethnographer Jovan Cvijić, at the Peace Conference in Paris, showed a study where he divided the Shopluk into three groups, Serbs, mixed population, and a group closer to Bulgarians. He also emphasized on the Serb tradition of Slava being an important cultural marker.[11]
The Bulgarian writers put Shopi as a subgroup of the Bulgarian ethnos.
Dialects
Shopi speak a group of related dialects that belong to the "et" (western) group of Bulgarian dialects. The dialects spoken by the Shopi are sometimes collectively referred to as Shopski (Шопски), although this is not the accepted term in Bulgarian dialectology.[12] The Torlak dialect is classified by Bulgarian linguists as part of the Shopi dialect, although Serbian linguists deny this. The groups that tend to be closely associated with that term and to match the stereotypical idea of "Shopski" speech are the South-Western Bulgarian dialects which go through Rila mountain and the villages arround Sofia to Danube towns such as Vidin. The Shopp dialect is most likely standard Bulgarian, having some characteristic features shared with standard Serbian.
People from Eastern Bulgaria also call the people who live in Sofia - Shopi, but as a result of the migration of whole Bulgaria, the dialect is not majority in the city of Sofia anymore. Instead, most of Sofia residents speak literary Bulgarian language with some elements of the western Bulgarian Shop dialect. The western Bulgarian dialect is still majority in the Sofia's villages and whole western Bulgaria, for example the big towns and cities of: (Sofia and Pleven- transitional speech with literary Bulgarian language), Pernik, Kyustendil, Vratsa, Vidin, Montana, Dupnitsa, Samokov, Lom, Botevgrad.
The exposition below is based on Stoyko Stoykov's Bulgarian dialectology (2002, first ed. 1962) [12], although other examples are used. The Standard Bulgarian words and sentences are given in romanization, with no attempt at scientific transcription apart from stress marking.
Features of Shopski shared by all or most western Bulgarian dialects
Phonology
- The variable known as /ja/ (променливо я), which corresponds to the Old Bulgarian yat vowel and is realised, in the standard language, as /ja/ or /ʲa/ (/a/ with palatalisation of the preceding consonant) in some positions and /e/ in others, is always pronounced /e/ in Shopski. Example: fresh milk in Shopski - presno mleko (пресно млеко) compared with standard Bulgarian - prjasno mljako (прясно мляко).
- The verbal endings for first person singular and third person plural have no palatalisation. Example: to sit in Shopski - seda, sedǎ (седа/седъ) but in standard Bulgarian, sedjǎ (седя)
- There is little or no reduction of unstressed vowels.
- The personal pronoun for the first person singular is ja (я) instead of az (аз).
- The personal pronouns for the third person are masc. on (он), fem. ona (она); neut. ono (оно), pl. oni (они).
- Palatalized /kʲ/ occurs in some cases where it is absent in the standard language. Examples: mother in Shopski is majkja (майкя) and in standard Bulgarian, majka (майка); Bankja (Банкя), the name of a town near Sofia, derived from Ban'-ka (Бань-ка), with a transfer of the palatal sound from /n/ to /k/.
Morphology
- The preposition (and prefix) "у" ("u") is used instead of "в" ("v"). Example: Shopski у градо (u grado) vs standard Bulgarian в града (v grada) (in town)
- Lack of past imperfect active participle, used to form the renarrative mood. In other words in these dialects there are forms like дал (dal), писал (pisal), мислил (mislil), пил (pil) (past aorist active participles), but no дадял (dadyal), пишел (pishel), мислел (mislel), пиел (piel).
Features characteristic the South-West Bulgarian dialect group
Phonology
- In most (though not all) forms of Shopski, the stressed "ъ" (/ɤ/) sound of standard Bulgarian (which corresponds to Old Bulgarian big yus) or yer) is substituted with /a/ or /o/. Example: Shopski моя/мойо маж ме лаже (moja/mojo maž me laže), че одим навонка (če odim navonka) vs standard Bulgarian моят мъж ме лъже, ще ходя навън/ка) (mojǎt mǎz me lǎže, šte hodja navǎn/ka), (my husband is lying to me, I'll be going out).
Morphology
- Most often the definite article for masculine nouns is -о (-o) or -от (-ot) instead of -а (-a) or -ът (-ǎt). Example: Shopski отивам у градо (otivam u grado) vs standard Bulgarian отивам в града (otivam v grada) (I am going in town)
- The -ен, -йен/-en, -jen past passive participle ending is used much more extensively in the Shop dialect than in the standard language, which often has -т/-t instead. Example: Shopski умийен ( umijen, "washed"), убийен (ubijen, "killed"), открийен (otkrijen, "opened" or "discovered"), vs standard Bulgarian умит (umit), убит (ubit), открит (otkrit)
- In the past tenses (aorist and imperfect) and in the past participle the stress falls always on the ending and not on the stem. Example: Shopski гле'дах (gle'dah), гле'дал (gle'dal) vs standard Bulgarian 'гледах ('gledah), 'гледал ('gledal) ([I] was watching; [he, she, it] watched)
Features characteristic of the Sofia and Elin Pelin dialects
Morphology
- In the present tense for the first and second conjugation, the ending for the first person singular is often -м (-m) and for the plural is -ме (-me) instead of -а/я (-a/ja) and -м (-m), respectively, as in standard Bulgarian. Example: Shopski я седим, ние седиме (ja sedim, nie sedime) vs standard Bulgarian аз седя, ние седим (az sedja, nie sedim) (I am sitting, we are sitting)
- Most often the particle for the forming of the future tense is че (če) (Sofia dialect), ке (k'e) (Samokov dialect) or ше (še) (Elin Pelin dialect), instead of standard ще (šte). The form še is used in the more urbanized areas and is rather common in the colloquial speech of Sofia in general. Example: Shopski че одим, ше ода, ке ода/одим (ше) ода (če odim, še oda, k'е oda/odim) vs standard Bulgarian ще ходя (šte hodja) (I will be going)
Other features
The /x/-sound is often omitted. Despite being particularly associated with Shopski, this is actually characteristic of most rural Bulgarian dialects. Example: Shopski леб (leb), одиа (odia) vs standard Bulgarian хляб (hljab), ходиха (hodiha) (bread, they went)
Vocabulary
There are plenty of typical words for the Shop dialect in particular, as well as for other western dialects in general. Some examples are:
| Shop dialect |
standard Bulgarian |
standard Serbian |
standard Macedonian |
English translation |
| сакам (sakam) |
искам (iskam), желая (želaja) |
хоћу/ hoću, желим/ želim; иштем/ ištem (archaic) |
сакам (sakam) |
(I) want |
| чиним, правим, работим (činim, pravim, rabotim) |
правя, работя (pravja, rabotja) |
радим/ radim, чиним/ činim - to do; правим/ pravim - to make |
работам (rabotam) - to do, чинaм (činam) - to do, правам (pravam) - to make |
(I) do/make |
| прашам, питуем (prašam, pitujem) |
питам (pitam) |
питам/ pitam |
прашувам (prašuvam) |
(I) ask |
| чувам, пазим (čuvam, pazim) |
пазя (pazja) |
чувам/ čuvam, пазим/ pazim |
чувам (čuvam) |
(I) keep, bring up, raise (a child) |
| спийем, спим (spijem, spim) |
спя (spja) |
спавам/ spavam; спим/ spim (archaic) |
спиjaм (spijam) |
(I) sleep |
| ядем, ручам (jadem, ručam) |
ям (jam) |
jедем, ручам (jedem, ručam) |
jадам (jadam) |
(I) eat |
| тражим, дирим (tražim, dirim) |
търся, диря (tǎrsja, dirja) |
тражим/ tražim |
барам (baram) |
(I) search |
| оти?, за какво?, за кво?, що? (oti?, za kakvo?, za kvo?, što?) |
защо?, за какво? (zašto?, za kakvo?) що? (što?) (colloq.) |
зашто?/ zašto?, што?/ što? |
зошто? (zošto?), оти? (oti?) |
why? |
| окам, викам (okam, vikam) |
викам (vikam), крещя (kreštja) |
вичем/ vičem |
викам (vikam) |
(I) shout |
| кошуля (košulja), rare — риза (riza) |
риза (riza) |
кошуља/ košulja |
кошула (košula) |
shirt |
| рипам (ripam) |
скачам, рипам (skačam, ripam) |
скачем/ skačеm, скoчим/ skočim |
скокам (skokam), рипам (ripam) |
(I) jump |
| зборуем (zboruem), зборувам (zboruvam), приказвам (prikazvam), оратим (oratim), говора (govora), вревим (vrevim), думам (dumam) |
говоря (govorja), приказвам (prikazvam), думам (dumam) (obsolete) |
говорим/ govorim, причам/ pričam; зборим/ zborim (archaic) |
зборувам (zboruvam), говорам (govoram) |
(I) speak |
| мачка (mačka) |
котка (kotka) |
мачка/ mačka |
мачка (mačka) |
cat |
| пце (pсe) |
куче, пес (kuče, pes) |
пас/ pas, куче/ kuče |
куче (kuče) |
dog |
Culture
The Shopi have a very original and characteristic folklore. The traditional male costume of the Shopi is white, while the female costumes are diverse. White male costumes are spread at the western Shopluk. The hats they wear are also white and tall (called gugla). Traditionally Shopi costume from the Kiustendil region are in black and they are called Chernodreshkovci — Blackcoats. That hat is low and black too. Embroidery is well developed as an art and is very conservative. Agriculture is the traditional main occupation, with cattle breeding coming second.
The traditional Shop house that has a fireplace in the centre has only survived in some more remote villages, being displaced by the Middle Bulgarian type. The villages in the plains are larger, while those in the higher areas are somewhat straggling and have traditionally been inhabited by single families (zadruga). The unusually large share of placenames ending on -ovci, -enci and -jane evidence for the preservation of the zadruga until even after the 19th century.
Artistic culture
In terms of music, the Shopi have a complex folklore with the heroic epic playing an important part. The Shopi are also known for playing particularly fast and intense versions of Bulgarian dances. The rebec, kaval and bagpipe are popular instruments and two-part singing is common. Minor second intervals are common in Shop music and are not considered dissonant.
Two very popular and well-known fоlklore groups are Poduenski Babi and Bistrishki Babi — the Grandmothers of Poduene and Bistritsa villages.
Cuisine
A famous dish in Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia is Shopska salad, named after this ethnographic group.
Social
In the 19th century, around Vidin, it was not unusual for a woman in her 25-30'ies to have a man of 15-16 years.[4]
The Shopi in literature and anecdotes
The Shopi — especially those from near Sofia — have the widespread (and arguably unjustified) reputation of stubborn and selfish people. They were considered conservative and resistant to change. There are lots of proverbs and anecdotes about them, more than about all other regional groups in Bulgaria.
A distinguished writer from the region is Elin Pelin who actually wrote some comic short stories and poems in the dialect, and also portrayed life in the Shopluk in much of his literary work.
Anecdotes and proverbs
- "There is nothing deeper than the Iskar River, and nothing higher than the Vitosha Mountain." (От Искаро по-длибоко нема, от Витоша по-високо нема!).
-
- This saying is meant to show that the Shopi refuse to acknowledge other countries' virtues.
- Once a Shop went to the zoo and saw the giraffe. He watched it in amazement and finally said: "There is no such animal!" (Е, те такова животно нема!)
-
- So even seeing the truth with his own eyes, he refuses to acknowledge it.
- Once a Shop went to the city, saw aromatic soaps on a stand and, thinking that they were something to eat, bought a piece. He began to eat it but soon his mouth was filled with foam. He said: "Foam or not, it cost money, I shall eat it." (Пеняви се, не пеняви, пари съм давал, че го ядем.)
-
- When money is spent, even unpleasant things should be endured.
- How was the gorge of the Iskǎr River formed? As the story goes, in ancient times the Sofia Valley was a lake, surrounded with mountains. The ancient Shopi were fishermen. One day, while fishing with his boat one of them bent over in order to take his net out of the water. But the boat was floating towards the nearby rocks on the slope of the Balkan Mountains. Consequently the Shop hit his head on the rocks and the entire mountain split into two. The lake flew out and the gorge was formed.
- There is a saying throughout Bulgaria that the Shopi's heads are wooden (дървена шопска глава, dǎrvena šopska glava), meaning they are too stubborn. Interestingly, in Romania there is such saying about Bulgarians in general.
- Once upon a time three Shopi climbed on top of the Vitosha Mountain. There was a thick fog in the valley so they thought it was cotton. They jumped down and perished.
-
- This is to show three points: the Shopi are not very smart after all; Vitosha is very high; and, as a serious point, it is common to see Vitosha standing over low clouds shrouding the high plains and valleys of Western Bulgaria; this is a temperature inversion.
- Another example of the Shopi's stubbornness: Once, in the middle of summer, a Shop wore a very thick coat. When asked if it wasn't too hot, he answered: It's not because of the coat but because of the weather.
- The Shopi had a reputation of being good soldiers nevertheless there was a proverb: "A Shop will only fight if he can see the roof of his house from the battlefield", meaning he will only fight if he can see his personal interests in the fight. A proverb that wants to demonstrate the Shopi's selfishness, but may rather point to their conservatism, lack of interest to the outside world.
- Some Shop shepherds are said to have observed over 40 or 50 years from their meadows on the Vitosha mountain how the capital city - Sophia situated few kilometers downhill grew from 80 000 to 300 000 in the 1930s, how new buildings and parks sprang... but never took interest to go and see the city themselves.
- In other parts of Bulgaria all locals from Sofia are called, somewhat scornfully, "Shopi", although the majority of the city's population are not descendants of the real vernacular minority but of migrants from other regions.
- In addition, in other parts of Bulgaria there exists the use of the derisive form "Shopar" for Shop and "Shoparism" for untidy, outdated or primitive circumstances (which show some similarity to the employ of the term "Hillbilly" in the USA). Actually the word "shopar" in bulgarian means "young boar" and has nothing to do with the Shopi. It is a term for untidiness, since the boar is a close relative to the pig.
- The sayings about the Shopi does not seize in modern day. There are popular sayings from communist period of Bulgaria such as:
- Even if the gasoline price grows to $100 I’ll still drive my car. Even if the price drops to a penny, I am not buying it still.
- I will set my house on fire so the fire spread over my neighbor’s barn.
- They pretend to pay me decent salary; I pretend that I am working (also very common in the former USSR).
- I take a look behind me – nothing; I take a look around me – nothing; and I am thinking – there is something. (It shows the paranoia of the Shop that the world is out to get him/her)
- A traveler came upon two Shopi sitting in the village square. Since he was traveling to Istanbul he asked one of them for directions in English. The Shopi made a clicking sound with his mouth and shook head, I don’t understand. The traveler attempted the same question in French, German, Russian, Spanish and other languages, but had the same result. Aggravated, the traveler started going in one direction that happened to be wrong. The second Shopi, observing this scene, lamented to his buddy “Ah, this guy knows so many languages and you knew none of them.” The first Shopi said “And what good did it do him?”.
See also
References
- ^ Places to exchange cultural patterns, p.4
- ^ Klaus Roth, Ulf Brunnbauer, Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Volume 1 (2010), p. 19, LIT Verlag Münster
- ^ Balcanica, 2006 (37):111-124, The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Niš, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876-1878, [1]
- ^ a b Franjo Rački, Josip Torbar, Književnik (1866), p. 13. Brzotiskom Dragutina Albrechta (in Croatian)
- ^ Karen Ann Peters, Macedonian folk song in a Bulgarian urban context: songs and singing in Blagoevgrad, Southwest Bulgaria (2002), "shopluk" Google books link, Madison
- ^ a b Bulletin of the Ethnographical Institute, Volume 41, 1992 p. 140
- ^ Places to exchange cultural patterns, p. 1
- ^ Hrvatsko filološko društvo, Filologija, Volumes 1-3 (1957) p. 244, Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti (in Serbo-Croatian)
- ^ Srpski etnos i velikosrpstvo, pp. 261-262
- ^ Enes Čengić, Miroslav Krleža, S Krležom iz dana u dan: Ples na vulkanima (1985), p. 159; "Srbi na istoku od rijeke Pcinje koja se ulijeva u Vardar [...] kazu za sebe da govore pravim Srpskim jezikom". Globus, Google Books link (in Croatian)
- ^ Prof. Marin Drinov, Ethnologia Balkanica (2002), p. 75, Sofia, LIT Verlag Münster.
- ^ a b Стойков, С. (2002) Българска диалектология, 4-то издание. стр. 143, 186. Also available online
Sources
- Ethnologia Balkanica (2005), Vol. 9; Places to exchange cultural patterns by Petko Hristov, pp. 81-90, Journal for Southeast European Anthropology, Sofia
- Stanko Žuljić, Srpski etnos i velikosrpstvo (1997), Google Books link
External links