Ahlatshahs
Ahlahshahs (also known as the Sökmenli) were the 11th-12th century rulers of an Anatolian beylik of the first period founded after the Battle of Manzikert, and centered in Ahlat on the northwestern shore of the Lake Van in Eastern Anatolia. This region comprised most of Bitlis and Van provinces and parts of Batman, Siirt and Diyarbakır.
The dynasty is sometimes also called Sökmenli in reference to the founder of the principality, Sökmen el Kutbî, literally Sökmen the Slave, one of the commanders of the Great Seljuq Alp Arslan. Ahlatshah Sökmenli should not be confused with the Artuqid branch of Sökmenli which ruled in Hasankeyf during approximately the same period.
Another title Sökmen and his descendants assumed, as heirs to the local Armenian princes according to Clifford Edmund Bosworth, was Shah-i Arman, often rendered as Ermenshahs (Ermenşahlar).
The Beylik was founded by the Turkish slave commander Sökmen who took over Ahlat (Khliat or Khilat) in 1100. Ahlatshahs were closely tied to Great Seljuq institutions, although they also followed independent policies like the wars against Georgia in alliance with their neighbors to the north, the Saltukids. They also acquired links with the branch of the Artuqid dynasty based in Meyyafarikin (now Silvan), becoming part of a nexus of Turkish principalities in Jazira and Eastern Anatolia.
The Ahlatshahs reached their brightest period under the fifty-seven year reign of Sökmen the Second (1128–1185). He was married to a female relative (daughter or sister) of the Saltukid ruler Saltuk.[1] Since Sökmen II was childless, the beylik was seized by a series of slave commanders after his death. In 1207, the beylik was taken over by the Ayyubids who had long coveted Ahlat and had come to the city at the invitation of people of Ahlat after the last Sökmenli ruler's kill by Tuğrulshah, who was Erzurum melik of Sultanate of Rûm and brother of Kayqubad I.
The Ahlatshahs left a large number of historic tombstones in and around the city of Ahlat. Local administrators are currently trying to have the tombstones included in UNESCO's World Heritage List,[2] where they are currently listed tentatively.[3]
Rulers of Ahlatshahs
- Sökmen I (1100–1111)
- Zahireddin İbrahim (1111–1127)
- Ahmet (1127–1128)
- Nasireddin Muhammed Sökmen II (1128–1185)
- Seyfettin Beytemür (1185–1193)
- Bedreddin Aksungur (1193–1198)
- Şücaüddin Kutluğ (1198)
- Melikülmansur Muhammed (1198–1206)
- Izzeddin Balaban (1206–1207)
See also
Notes
References
External links
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Landmarks of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and the Anatolian beyliks
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Ahlatshahs (1100–1207)
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Founder: Sökmen el Kutbi • Capital: Ahlat
Important centers and extension: Silvan • Malazgirt • Erciş • Adilcevaz • Başkale • Eleşkirt • Van • Tatvan • Bitlis • Muş • Hani
Dynasty: Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112) • Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?) • Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (1128–1185) • Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193) • Aksungur (1193–1197) • Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)
1207: Submitted to the Ayyoubids
Important works: Ahlat Tombs
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Ancestors: Eksük and his son Artuk, commander of Alparslan, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder: Muinüddin Sökmen Bey • Capitals: Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
Important centers and extension: Diyarbekir • Hasankeyf • Silvan • Mardin • Midyat • Harput • Palu • Aleppo (temporarily as of 1117)
Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104) • Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)
Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122) • Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154) • Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)
Harput Dynasty: Belek Bey (1112–1124) • Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
Important works: Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır • Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls • Malabadi Bridge • Hasankeyf Bridge • Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108) • Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122) • Great Mosque of Silvan • Great Mosque of Mardin • Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir) • Great Mosque of Kızıltepe • Great Mosque of Harput • Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin • Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
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Founder: Saltuk Bey • Capital: Erzurum
Important centers and extension: Erzurum • Tercan
Dynasty: Saltuk Bey (1072–1102) • Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124) • Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132) • Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168) • Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191) • Mama Hatun (1191–1200) • Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)
1202: Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Important works: Great Mosque of Erzurum • Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum • Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan • Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan • Kale Mosque in Erzurum • Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
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Founder: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey • Capitals: Birgi, later Ayasluğ
Important centers and extension: Tire • Izmir • Alaşehir • Aydın • Sakız/Chios (between 1336–1344)
Dynasty: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334) • Umur Beg (1334–1348) • Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) • Aydınoğlu Isa Bey ( - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402–1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403) • Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403–1405) • İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals) • 1425: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
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Founder: Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Sinop • Eflani • Çankırı • Kalecik • Tosya • Araç • Samsun (temporarily)
Dynasty: Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340) • Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345) • Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361) • Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385) • Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)
1392: Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I
Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty: Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440) • Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443) • Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)
1461: Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
Important works:
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Founder: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Kastamonu • Taşköprü
Dynasty: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?) • Alp Yürek (? - ?) • Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?) • Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309) •
1309: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Isfendiyarids
Important works:
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Ancestor: Hasan Dulkadir • Founder: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey • Capital: Elbistan
Important centers and extension: Maraş • Malatya • Harput • Kayseri • Antep
Dynasty: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348) • Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386) • Sûli Bey (1386–1396) • Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443) • Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454) • Melik Arslan (?-?) • Shah Budak (?-1492) • Şahsuvar (?-?) • Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507) • Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)
1443–1525: Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
Important works:
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Ancestor:: Kerimüddin Alişir • Founder: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First • Capital: Kütahya
Important centers and extension: Kula (District), Manisa • Simav • Yenicekent • Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300–1368)
Dynasty: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340) • Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361) • Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)
1390: First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I • 1402–1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429) • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I • 1429: Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works:
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Ancestors:: Hamid and his son Ilyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuk Sultanate of Rum • Founder: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey • Capital: Isparta
Important centers and extension: Eğirdir • Uluborlu • Gölhisar • Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Dynasty: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324) • Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330) • Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
1374: Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanid dynasty.
Important works:
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Ancestor:: Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan • Founder: Kerimüddin Karaman Bey • Capitals: successively Ereğli • Ermenek • Larende (Karaman) • Konya • Mut
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty: Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256–1261) • Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261–1283) • Güneri Bey (1283–1300) • Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300–1308) • Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312) • Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey (1312–1333) • Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348) • Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348–1349) • Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350) • Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350–1351) • Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351–1356) • Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356–1357) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357–1398) • Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399) • Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418–1424) • Damat Ibrahim Bey (1424–1464) • Sultanzade Ishak Bey (1464) • Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464–1469) • Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469–1483) • Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)
1398–1402: First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I • 1402–1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane • 1414–1487: Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II.
Important works:
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Ancestor:: Melik Danişmend Gazi • Founder: Karesi Bey • Capital: Balıkesir
Important centers and extension: Aydıncık • Bergama • Edremit • Bigadiç • Ezine
Dynasty: Karesi Bey (1307–1328) • Demir Han (1328–1345) • Yahşı Han (1328–1345) • Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
1374: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan I and Murad I
Important works:
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Ancestor:: Germiyanlı Ali Bey • Founder: Inanç Bey • Capital: Denizli
Important centers and extension: Denizli
Dynasty: Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314) • Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?) • Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360) • Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
1368: Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
Important works:
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Founder: Menteşe Bey • Capitals: Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
Important centers and extension: present-day Muğla Province • Muğla • Finike • Kaş • Çameli • Acıpayam • Tavas • Bozdoğan • Çine • temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300–1314
Dynasty: Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282) • Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320) • Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340) • Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
1360: Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed • 1390: First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402–1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu Ilyas Bey • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I • 1424: Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas • Ilyas Bey Mosque in Balat • Great Mosque of Muğla (1344) • Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath) in Muğla (1334)
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Founder: Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan • Capitals: Adana
Important centers and extension: Adana • Tarsus
Dynasty: Ibrahim Bey (1344-?) • [[|Ahmed Bey (Ramadanids)|Ahmed Bey]] (?-1416) • Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417) • Hamza Bey (1417–1427) • Mehmed Bey (1427-?) • Eyluk Bey (? - ?) • Dündar Bey (? - ?) • Omer Bey (?-1490) • Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511) • Hahmud Bey (1511–1516) • Selim Bey (?-?) • Kubad Bey (1517-?)
1516: Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I • 1516–1608: Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
Important works:
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Founder: Saruhan Bey • Capital: Manisa
Important centers and extension: Demirci • Nif (Kemalpaşa) • Akhisar • Gördes • Menemen
Dynasty: Dynasty: Saruhan Bey (1302–1345) • Fahreddin Ilyas Bey • Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey ( -1388) • Hızır Shah (1388–1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402–1410: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403) • Hızır Shah (1403–1410) • 1410: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
Important works:
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Ancestors: Hamidoğlu dynasty • Founder: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey • Capitals: Antalya • Korkuteli
Important centers and extension: Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361–1373) • Teke Peninsula
Dynasty: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?) • Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327) • Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) • Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?) • Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375) • Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402–1423: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423) • 1423: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375)
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