A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantic meaning (rather than lexical items) from another language, very similar to the formation of calques. In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning is extended to include another meaning its existing translation has in the lending language. Calques, loanwords and semantic loans are often grouped roughly under the phrase "borrowing". Semantic loans often occur when two languages are in close contact.
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One example is the German semantic loan realisieren. The English verb "to realise" has more than one meaning: it means both "to make something happen/come true" and "to become aware of something". The German verb "realisieren" originally only meant the former: to make something real. However, German later borrowed the other meaning of "to realise" from English, and today, according to Duden[1], also means "to become aware of something" (this meaning is still considered by many to be an Anglicism). The word "realisieren" itself already existed before the borrowing took place; the only thing borrowed was this second meaning. (Compare this with a calque, such as antibody, from the German Antikörper, where the word "antibody" did not exist in English before it was borrowed.)
A similar example is the German semantic loan überziehen, which meant only to draw something across, before it took on the additional borrowed meaning of its literal English translation overdraw in the financial sense[1].
Semantic loans may be adopted by many different languages: Hebrew kokháv, Arabic نجم (naǧm), Russian zvezdá, Polish gwiazda, Finnish tähti and Vietnamese sao all originally meant "star" in the astronomical sense, and then went on to adopt the sememe "star", as in a famous entertainer, from English.[2]