Sefīd-Rūd

This article is about the river in Iran, for the river in northern Afghanistan see Safid River.
Sefid-Rūd (سفيدرود)
Sepid Rud, White River, Sefid River
River
Country Iran
Provinces Kurdistan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Qazvin, Tehran, Gilan
Tributaries
 - left Qizil Owzan
 - right Shahrood
City Rasht
Source
 - location Alborz Mountains
Mouth Caspian Sea
Length 670 km (416 mi)
Basin 13,450 km2 (5,193 sq mi)
Sefīd-Rūd drainage basin

The Sefīd-Rūd (Persian: سفیدرود, pronounced: [sefiːdruːd], "White River") is a river approximately 670 kilometres (416 mi) long, rising in northwestern Iran and flowing generally northeast to meet the Caspian Sea at Rasht. The river is Iran's second longest river after the Karun.

Sefid Rud has cut a water gap through the Alborz Mountains, the Manjil gap,[1] capturing two headwater tributaries and widening the valley between the Talesh Hills and the main Alborz range. The gap provides a major route between Tehran and Gīlān Province with its Caspian lowlands.[1]

Other names and transcriptions include Sepīd-Rūd, Sefidrud, Sefidrood, Sepidrood, and Sepidrud. Above Manjil, the river was known as Qizil Uzun, "Long Red River".[2][3] The river is famous for the quantity of its fish, especially the Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius[4]

In the wide valley before Sepid Rud enters the Caspian a number of transportation and irrigation canals have been cut; the two biggest are the Khomam and the Now.[5] The river was dammed in 1962 by the Shahbanu Farah Dam[6] (later renamed Manjil Dam) which created a 1.86 cubic kilometres (0.45 cu mi) reservoir and allowed the irrigation of an additional 2,380 km2 (919 sq mi).[6] The reservoir mediates some flooding and significantly increased rice production in the delta.[7][8] The hydroelectric component of the dam generates 87,000 kilowatts.[6] The completion of the dam had a negative impact on the river's fisheries, through reduced stream flow (due to diversion), increased water temperature, and decreased food availability, especially for sturgeon but also for the Caspian trout.[9]

History

The river was known in antiquity by the names Mardos (Greek: Μαρδος; Latin: Mardus) and Amardos (Greek: Αμαρδος; Latin: Amardus).[3] In the Hellenistic period the north side of the Sefid (then Mardus) was occupied by the mountain tribe the Cadusii.[10]

External links

Notes

  1. ^ a b Fortescue, L. S. (April 1924) "The Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan" The Geographical Journal 63(4): pp. 301-315, p.303
  2. ^ Fortescue, L. S. (April 1924) "The Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan" The Geographical Journal 63(4): pp. 301-315, p.310
  3. ^ a b Rawlinson, H. C. (1840) "Notes on a Journey from Tabríz, Through Persian Kurdistán, to the Ruins of Takhti-Soleïmán, and from Thence by Zenján and Ṭárom, to Gílán, in October and November, 1838; With a Memoir on the Site of the Atropatenian Ecbatana" Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 10: pp. 1-64, p. 64
  4. ^ "Salmo trutta caspius, Kessler, 1870" Caspian Environment Progamme
  5. ^ Rabino, H. L. (November 1913) "A Journey in Mazanderan (From Resht to Sari)" The Geographical Journal 42(5): pp. 435-454, p. 435
  6. ^ a b c Beaumont, Peter (1974) "Water Resource Development in Iran" The Geographical Journal 140(3): pp. 418-431, p.428
  7. ^ Gittinger, J. Price (October 1967) "Planning and Agricultural Policy in Iran: Program Effects and Indirect Effects" Economic Development and Cultural Change 16(1): pp. 107-117, p. 110
  8. ^ Carey, Jane Perry Clark and Carey, Andrew Galbraith (1976) "Iranian Agriculture and Its Development: 1952-1973" International Journal of Middle East Studies 7(3): pp. 359-382, p. 372
  9. ^ Jackson, Donald C. and Marmulla, Gerd (2001) "The Influence of Dams on River Fisheries: Regional Assessments: 3.2.2 Southern and Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and the Middle East" (accessed 28 November 2008), In Marmulla, Gerd (ed.) (2001) Dams, fish and fisheries: Opportunities, challenges and conflict resolution (FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 419) Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, ISBN 92-5-104694-8, citing Vladykov, Vadim D. (1964) Report to the Government of Iran on the Inland Fisheries Resources of Iran, Especially of the Caspian Sea with Special Reference to Sturgeon (Expanded program of technical assistance, Report No. 1818) Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, OCLC 236127104
  10. ^ Strabo, xi. 13