School of suspicion is a famous term coined by philosopher Paul Ricœur, first appearing in his 1965 book Freud and philosophy, in which he declared that "Three masters, seemingly mutually exclusive, dominate the school of suspicion: Marx, Nietzsche and Freud."[1][2]
Suspicion, as attributed by Ricœur to the three masters, is a critique of false consciousness.[3] Ricœur distinguished hermeneutics of suspicion, from hermeneutics of affirmation.[3]