| Operas by Stefano Landi |
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La morte d'Orfeo (1619) |
Sant'Alessio is an opera in three acts composed by Stefano Landi in 1631 with a libretto by Giulio Rospigliosi.
Sant'Alessio was the first opera to be written on a historical subject. It describes the inner life of fifth-century Saint Alexis. The work broke new ground with a psychological characterization of a type that was new to opera. It also contains interspersed comic scenes that are anachronistically drawn from the contemporary life of Rome in the 17th century.
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Landi's religious context, in keeping with the Counter-Reformation spirit of Jesuit dramas, marks a new departure in the theatre in Rome, combining antiquarian interests in ancient drama with modern musical conceptions of recitative, ensembles and occasional arias. Musically, the work has considerable variety, with elements of comedy and tragedy, and went some way towards establishing specifically Christian opera in a Rome that remained musically conservative. Singers for the opera, all male, were recruited from the Papal Chapel and included castrati. The Barberinis, noted patrons of the arts, owed their current influence to the Barberini Pope Urban VIII. The librettist, Giulio Rospigliosi, became Pope Clement IX in 1667.
The part of Sant'Alessio lies extremely high and was meant to be sung by a castrato. The accompanying orchestra is up-to-date, dispensing with the archaic viols and using violins, cellos, harps, lutes, theorbos, and harpsichords. The opera includes introductory canzonas which function as overtures; indeed they are the first overtures in the history of opera. Dances and comic sections mix with serious arias, recitatives, and even a madrigalian lament, for an overall dramatic variety which was extremely effective, as attested by the frequent performances of the opera at the time. Sant'Alessio was one of the first staged dramatic works successfully to mix both the monodic and polyphonic styles.
The first performance of the opera is believed to have taken place at the Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari, Rome, on 2 March 1631. A further performance was given at the inauguration of the theatre at the Palazzo Barberini alle Quattro Fontane on 21 February 1632.[1] [2]
An ambitious all-male production of the piece, directed by baroque theatre specialist Benjamin Lazar and conducted by William Christie, premiered in Caen (Normandy) on October 16th, 2007. This acclaimed production involved no fewer than eight countertenors, including Philippe Jaroussky as Saint Alexis and Max Emanuel Cencic as his wife.[3][4] One performance was broadcast in full as a live video webcast by France 3 on October 18th, 2007.
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 2 March 1631 |
|---|---|---|
| Sant'Alessio | soprano | Angelo Ferrotti |
| Sposa | soprano | Marc'Antonio Pasqualini |
| Curtio | soprano | |
| Angelo | soprano | |
| Roma | soprano | Paoluccio Cipriani |
| Martio | countertenor | |
| Nuntio | countertenor | |
| Madre | mezzo-soprano | |
| Nutrice | mezzo-soprano | |
| Adrasto | tenor | |
| Eufemiano | baritone | Francesco Bianchi |
| Demonio | bass | |
| Uno del Coro | bass |
The story of the opera begins with Saint Alexis, who has embraced a life of holy poverty, returning from the Holy Land as a beggar to his father's house in Rome. He keeps his identity a secret, even when his wife and mother decide to travel in search of him. He resists the temptations offered by the Devil, with the help of an angel. He dies in the poverty he has chosen, under the steps of his father's house, his identity revealed in a letter he holds as he dies.