STARD5
StAR-related lipid transfer protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STARD5 gene.[1][2] The protein is a 213 amino acids long, consisting almost entirely of a StAR-related transfer (START) domain. It is also part of the StarD4 subfamily of START domain proteins, sharing 34% sequence identity with STARD4.
Function
The protein is most prevalent in the kidney and the liver where it is found in Kupffer cells.[1][3] STARD5 binds both cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol and appears to function to redistribute cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum with which the protein associates and/or the plasma membrane.[1][4][5] Increased levels of StarD5 increase free cholesterol in the cell.[4]
Cholesterol homeostasis is regulated, at least in part, by sterol regulatory element (SRE)-binding proteins (e.g., SREBP1) and by liver X receptors (e.g., LXRA). Upon sterol depletion, LXRs are inactive and SREBPs are cleaved, after which they bind promoter SREs and activate genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake. Sterol transport is mediated by vesicles or by soluble protein carriers, such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR). STAR is homologous to a family of proteins containing a 200- to 210-amino acid STAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain, including STARD5.[1][2]
References
- ^ a b c d Soccio RE, Adams RM, Romanowski MJ, Sehayek E, Burley SK, Breslow JL (May 2002). "The cholesterol-regulated StarD4 gene encodes a StAR-related lipid transfer protein with two closely related homologues, StarD5 and StarD6". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 (10): 6943–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.052143799. PMC 124508. PMID 12011452. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124508.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: STARD5 START domain containing 5". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=80765.
- ^ Rodriguez-Agudo D, Ren S, Hylemon PB, Montanez R, Redford K, Natarajan R, Medina MA, Gil G, Pandak WM (June 2006). "Localization of StarD5 cholesterol binding protein". J Lipid Res 47 (6): 1168–75. doi:10.1194/jlr.M500447-JLR200. PMID 16534142.
- ^ a b Rodriguez-Agudo D, Ren S, Hylemon PB, Redford K, Natarajan R, Del Castillo A, Gil G, Pandak WM (August 2005). "Human StarD5, a cytosolic StAR-related lipid binding protein". J Lipid Res 46 (8): 1615–23. doi:10.1194/jlr.M400501-JLR200. PMID 15897605.
- ^ Chen Y-C, Meier RK, Zheng S, Khundmiri SJ, Tseng MT, Lederer ED, Epstein PN, Clark BJ (August 2009). "Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR)-Related Lipid Transfer Domain Protein 5 (STARD5) Localization and Regulation in Renal Tubules". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297 (2): F380-8. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90433.2008. PMID 19474188.
Further reading
- Strauss JF, Kishida T, Christenson LK, et al. (2004). "START domain proteins and the intracellular trafficking of cholesterol in steroidogenic cells.". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 202 (1-2): 59–65. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(03)00063-7. PMID 12770731.
- Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides.". Gene 138 (1-2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
- Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library.". Gene 200 (1-2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
- Wines ME, Lee L, Katari MS, et al. (2001). "Identification of mesoderm development (mesd) candidate genes by comparative mapping and genome sequence analysis.". Genomics 72 (1): 88–98. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6466. PMID 11247670.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139241.
- Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=528928.
- Soccio RE, Adams RM, Maxwell KN, Breslow JL (2005). "Differential gene regulation of StarD4 and StarD5 cholesterol transfer proteins. Activation of StarD4 by sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 and StarD5 by endoplasmic reticulum stress.". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (19): 19410–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M501778200. PMID 15760897.
- Rodriguez-Agudo D, Ren S, Hylemon PB, et al. (2005). "Human StarD5, a cytosolic StAR-related lipid binding protein.". J. Lipid Res. 46 (8): 1615–23. doi:10.1194/jlr.M400501-JLR200. PMID 15897605.
- Rodriguez-Agudo D, Ren S, Hylemon PB, et al. (2006). "Localization of StarD5 cholesterol binding protein.". J. Lipid Res. 47 (6): 1168–75. doi:10.1194/jlr.M500447-JLR200. PMID 16534142.