SPAG1
Sperm-associated antigen 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG1 gene.[1][2]
The correlation of anti-sperm antibodies with cases of unexplained infertility implicates a role for these antibodies in blocking fertilization. Improved diagnosis and treatment of immunologic infertility, as well as identification of proteins for targeted contraception, are dependent on the identification and characterization of relevant sperm antigens. The protein expressed by this gene is recognized by anti-sperm agglutinating antibodies from an infertile woman. Furthermore, immunization of female rats with the recombinant human protein reduced fertility. This protein localizes to the plasma membrane of germ cells in the testis and to the post-acrosomal plasma membrane of mature spermatozoa. Recombinant polypeptide binds GTP and exhibits GTPase activity. Thus, this protein may regulate GTP signal transduction pathways involved in spermatogenesis and fertilization. Two transcript variants of this gene encode the same protein.[2]
References
- ^ Liu N, Qiao Y, Cai C, Lin W, Zhang J, Miao S, Zong S, Koide SS, Wang L (Dec 2005). "A sperm component, HSD-3.8 (SPAG1), interacts with G-protein beta 1 subunit and activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)". Front Biosci 11: 1679–89. doi:10.2741/1913. PMID 16368546.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: SPAG1 sperm associated antigen 1". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6674.
Further reading
- Schuler GD, Boguski MS, Stewart EA et al. (1996). "A gene map of the human genome". Science 274 (5287): 540–6. doi:10.1126/science.274.5287.540. PMID 8849440.
- Diekman AB, Herr JC (1997). "Sperm antigens and their use in the development of an immunocontraceptive". Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 37 (1): 111–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00199.x. PMID 9138444.
- Zhang ML, Wang LF, Miao SY, Koide SS (1993). "Isolation and sequencing of the cDNA encoding the 75-kD human sperm protein related to infertility". Chin. Med. J. 105 (12): 998–1003. PMID 1299558.
- Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
- Takaishi M, Huh N (1999). "A tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein gene, tpis, whose expression is induced with differentiation of spermatogenic cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264 (1): 81–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1477. PMID 10527845.
- Lin W, Zhou X, Zhang M et al. (2001). "Expression and function of the HSD-3.8 gene encoding a testis-specific protein". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 7 (9): 811–8. doi:10.1093/molehr/7.9.811. PMID 11517287.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139241.
- Ficarro S, Chertihin O, Westbrook VA et al. (2003). "Phosphoproteome analysis of capacitated human sperm. Evidence of tyrosine phosphorylation of a kinase-anchoring protein 3 and valosin-containing protein/p97 during capacitation". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (13): 11579–89. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202325200. PMID 12509440.
- Kanazawa R, Komori S, Sakata K et al. (2004). "Isolation and characterization of a human sperm antigen gene h-Sp-1". Int. J. Androl. 26 (4): 226–35. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2605.2003.00418.x. PMID 12846798.
- Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=528928.
- Neesse A, Gangeswaran R, Luettges J et al. (2007). "Sperm-associated antigen 1 is expressed early in pancreatic tumorigenesis and promotes motility of cancer cells". Oncogene 26 (11): 1533–45. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209961. PMID 16983343.