The Rush–Bagot Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Britain ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1817.[1] The treaty provided for a large demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained. The treaty stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel (no more than 100 tons burden) as well as one cannon (no more than eighteen pounds) on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. The remaining Great Lakes permitted the United States and British North America to keep two military vessels "of like burden" on the waters armed with "like force". The treaty, and the separate Treaty of 1818, laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America.[2]
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The origins of the Rush–Bagot Treaty can be traced to a correspondence of letters between Acting United States Secretary of State Richard Rush and the British Minister to Washington Sir Charles Bagot which were exchanged and signed on April 27 and April 28, 1817. After the terms of the notes were agreed upon by Rush and Bagot, the Rush-Bagot Agreement was unofficially recognized by both countries. On April 6, 1818, it was submitted to the United States Senate and formally ratified on April 16, 1818. The treaty eventually led to the Treaty of Washington of 1871, which completed disarmament. The United States and Canada agreed in 1946, through an exchange of diplomatic notes, that the stationing of naval vessels for training purposes was permissible provided each government was fully notified in advance. In 2004, the U.S. Coast Guard decided to arm 11 of its small cutters stationed on Lake Erie and Lake Huron with M240 7.62 mm machine guns. The American decision was based on a climbing number of smuggling operations as well as the increased threat of terrorist activity after the September 11, 2001, attacks. The Canadian government decided that the armament did not violate the treaty, as the guns were to be used for law enforcement rather than military activities. Canada reserved the right to arm their vessels (Canadian Coast Guard) with similar weapons.[3]
The Stone Frigate, located at Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, was constructed during 1820 to store part of the dismantled British fleet from the War of 1812 which had been dismantled pursuant to the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817.[4]
There are still military facilities near or next to the Great Lakes:
The border between the US and British North America was demilitarized, including the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. The US and Britain agreed to joint control over the Oregon Territory. The Rush Bagot Agreement created the world's largest east west boundary - 5,527 Miles Long. The US-Canadian border is now said to be the "largest demilitarized border in the world".
An Ontario Heritage Trust plaque on the North East corner of General Crerar Crescent and Valour Road, on the grounds of the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario recognizes "The Rush-Bagot Agreement." A plaque also stands at the former site of the British Legation in Washington, D.C. () where the treaty was negotiated. A monument stands on the grounds of Old Fort Niagara as well, featuring reliefs of both Rush and Bagot, as well as the words of the treaty.[5]