Rokushō-ji
Rokushō-ji (六勝寺, Rokushō-ji?) is a collective name for six related Buddhist temples in northeastern Kyoto, Japan.[1]
Six independently constructed and endowed temples have come to be known collectively as the "Six Victorious Temples",[2] encompassing monasteries which had each enjoyed extravagant Imperial patronage from their inception. They are sometimes identified as the "Superlative Temples" or the "Shō Temples" because of the middle syllable of the temple name.[3]
History
The collective name of the Rokushō-ji was formalized in the early Heian period.[4] The Rokushō-ji had a particular function within the Imperial "cloister government" (院政, insei?). The Rokushō-ji were "sacred vow temples" (gogan-ji) built by imperial command following a precedent established by Emperor Shirakawa's Hosshō-ji.[5] Although these temple complexes were ostensibly established for a presumptively pious purpose,
- the relationship of Emperors Shirakawa, Toba, Sutoku, and Konoe with Hosshō-ji and the other "imperial vow" temples and with the imperial residences that adjoined the temple complexes is quite revealing. Clearly the temples were not built simply as acts of piety but as ways of protecting estate income and a certain style of life. Evidently the building of new temples could serve as a coercive device to extract support from other kuge families and to justify the use of public taxes for the benefit of members of the imperial-house, the religious intent giving support to the political interest.[6]
The Rokushō-ji were also called the six "Superiority Temples;" and each were uniquely dedicated to an aspect of esoteric Buddhist ontology, as in
- the "Superiority of Buddhist Law"[5] --
- Hosshō-ji (法勝寺, Hosshō-ji?), founded by Emperor Shirakawa in 1077.[7]
- the "Superiority of Worship"[5] --
- Sonshō-ji (尊勝寺, Sonshō-ji?), founded by Emperor Horikawa (Shirakawa's son) in 1102.[7]
- the "Most Superior"[5] --
- Saishō-ji, founded by Emperor Toba (Shirakawa's grandson) in 1118.[7]
- the "Superiority of Perfection"[5] --
- Enshō-ji (円勝寺, Enshō-ji]'?), founded by Imperial consort Taiken-mon'in (Shirakawa's adopted daughter and the mother of Emperor Sutoku) in 1128.[7]
- the "Superiority of Becoming"[5] --
- Jōshō-ji (成勝寺, Jōshō-ji?), founded by Emperor Sutoku (Shirakawa's great-grandson) in 1139.[7]
- the "Superiority of Duration"[5] --
- Enshō-ji (延勝寺, Enshō-ji?), founded by Emperor Konoe (Shirakawa's great-grandson) in 1149.[7]
See also
Notes
- ^ Paine, Robert Treat et al. (1981). The Art and Architecture of Japan (3rd edition), p. 346.
- ^ Adophson, Mikael S. (2000). The Gates of Power: Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan, p. 388 n99.
- ^ McCullough, Helen Craig. (1988). The Tale of the Heike, p. 485; Yiengpruksawan, Mimi Hall. (1998). Hiraizumi: Buddhist Art and Regional Politics in Twelfth-century Japan, p. 216 n13.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869, p. 114.
- ^ a b c d e f g Varley, H. Paul. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley), p. 200.
- ^ Hall, John et al. (1974). Medieval Japan: Essays in Institutional History, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d e f Takagaki, Cary Shinji. (1999). "The Rokusho-ji, the six superiority temples of Heian Japan," p. 2.
References
- Hall, John Whitney and Jeffrey P. Mass, eds. (1974). Medieval Japan: Essays in Institutional History. New Haven: Yale University Press; OCLC 50635949. [reprinted by Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1988. 10-ISBN 0-804-71511-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-804-71511-9; OCLC 18576991
- Iwao, Seiichi, Teizō Iyanaga, Susumu Ishii, Shōichirō Yoshida, et al. (2002). Dictionnaire historique du Japon. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. 10-ISBN 2-706-81632-5; 13-ISBN 978-2-706-81632-1; OCLC 51096469
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 36644
- Takagaki, Cary Shinji. (1999). "The Rokusho-ji, the six superiority temples of Heian Japan." (University of Toronto PhD thesis, http://hdl.handle.net/1807/13266). Ottawa: National Library of Canada/Bibliothèque nationale du Canada.
- Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4