| Saint Richard of Chichester | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Chichester | |
A wall painting of St. Richard of Chichester |
|
| See | Chichester |
| Enthroned | 1244 |
| Reign ended | 1253 |
| Predecessor | Robert Passelewe |
| Successor | John Climping |
| Other posts | Vicar of Deal |
| Personal details | |
| Birth name | Richard |
| Born | c. 1197 Droitwich |
| Died | 3 April 1253 Dover, England |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 3 April (Roman Catholic Church), 16 June (Anglican Communion) |
| Canonized | 1262 Viterbo, Lazio, Papal States by Pope Urban IV |
| Attributes | Bishop with a chalice on its side at his feet because he once dropped the chalice during a Mass and nothing spilled from it; kneeling with the chalice before him; ploughing his brother's fields; a bishop blessing his flock with a chalice nearby |
| Patronage | Coachmen; Diocese of Chichester; Sussex, England |
Richard of Chichester (also known as Richard de Wych or variations thereof) (Droitwich, 1197 – 3 April 1253 in Dover) is a saint (canonized 1262) who was Bishop of Chichester. His shrine in Chichester Cathedral was a richly-decorated centre of pilgrimage which was destroyed in 1538.
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Richard was born in the town of Wyche (modern Droitwich, Worcestershire) and was an orphan member of a gentry family.[1] On the death of their parents Richard's elder brother was heir to the estates but he was not old enough to inherit, so the lands were subject to a feudal wardship; on coming of age his brother took possession of his lands but would have had to pay a medieval form of death duty that left him so impoverished, that he had to get Richard to work for him on the farm.[2] It seems that Richard worked so well on the farm that his brother made him heir to the estate.[2] According to Richards biographers, his friends tried to arrange a match with a certain noble lady[2] However Richard turned down the offer of marriage, suggesting that his brother might marry her instead, and he also reconveyed the estates back to his brother, preferring a life of study and the church.[3]
Educated at Oxford, he soon began to teach in the university.[4] From there he proceeded to Paris and then Bologna, where he distinguished himself by his proficiency in canon law.[4] On return to England in 1235 he was elected chancellor of Oxford University.[4]
His former tutor, Edmund of Abingdon, had become archbishop of Canterbury.[5] Richard shared Edmund's ideals of clerical reform and the rights of the Pope over the king.[5] Then in about 1237 the archbishop made him chancellor of the diocese of Canterbury.[5] Richard was with the archbishop during his exile at Pontigny and also when the archbishop died in about 1240.[4][6] Richard then decided to become a priest and studied theology for two years with the Dominicans at Orléans.[5]
When he returned to England, he became the parish priest at Charing and at Deal, but soon after was reappointed chancellor of Canterbury by archbishop Boniface of Savoy.[5] In 1244 he was elected Bishop of Chichester.[7] Henry III and part of the chapter refused to accept him, the king favouring the candidature of Robert Passelewe (d. 1252).[5] Boniface refused to confirm the election of Passelew and so both sides appealed to the pope.[5] The king confiscated the properties and revenues of the see, but Innocent IV confirmed the election of Richard and consecrated him bishop at Lyons in March 1245.[5][7] Richard then returned to Chichester, but the sees properties were not restored for two years and then only after the king had been threatened with excommunication.[5] Meanwhile Richard lived at Tarring in the parish priest's house, visited his diocese on foot, and cultivated figs in his spare time.[5]
In his private life he is said to have observed the most rigid frugality and temperance.[8] Richard's diet was simple and he rigorously excluded animal flesh from it; having been a vegetarian since his days at Oxford.[8][9]
Richard's episcopate was marked by the favour which he showed to the Dominicans, a house of this order at Orléans having sheltered him during his stay in France, and by his earnestness in preaching a crusade. After dedicating St Edmund's Chapel at Dover, he died at the Maison Dieu there at midnight on 3 April 1253, where he had been ordered by the Pope to preach a crusade.[7] His internal organs were removed and placed in that chapel's altar, before Richard's body was carried to Chichester where it was buried, according to his wishes, in the chapel on the north side of the nave, the chapel that had been dedicated to his patron St. Edmund.[10] His body remained there until it was translated to its new shrine in 1276.[10]
After the full rights of the see and its revenues were returned to him in 1246, the new bishop showed much eagerness to reform the manners and morals of his clergy, and also to introduce greater order and reverence into the services of the Church.[8] Richard overruled Henry on several occasions. Richard defrocked a priest who had seduced a nun out of her convent, turning aside a petition from the king in the priest's favour.[11]
He was militant in protecting the clergy from abuse. The townsmen of Lewes violated the right of sanctuary by seizing a criminal in church and lynching him, and Richard made them exhume the body and give it a proper burial in consecrated ground.[8] He also imposed severe penance on knights who attacked priests.[11]
Richard produced a body of statutes with the aid of his chapter, for the organisation of the church in his diocese and the expected conduct of its clergy. It seems that many of the clergy still secretly married, though such alliances were not recognised by canon law, and as such their women's status was that of a mistress or concubine. The Bishop endeavoured to suppress the practice in his diocese with relentless austerity.
By Richard's statutes[8]:
It was decreed that married clergy should be deprived of their benefices; their concubines were to be denied the privileges of the church during their lives and also after death; they were pronounced incapable of inheriting any property from their husbands, and any such bequests would be donated for the upkeep of the cathedral. A vow of chastity was to be required of candidates for ordination. Rectors were expected to reside in their parishes, to be hospitable and charitable and tithes were to be paid on all annual crops. Anyone who did not pay their tithe would not be granted penance until they did.
Vicars were to be priests and have only one freehold to live on, they were not allowed to have another parish held under an assumed name.
Deacons were not to be allowed to receive confessions or to provide penances, or to baptise except in the absence of a priest. Children had to be confirmed within a year of baptism. The Apostles' Creed and the Lord's Prayer were to be learned in the mother tongue; priests were to celebrate mass in clean robes, to use a silver or golden chalice; thoroughly clean corporals and at least two consecrated palls were to be placed on the altar; the cross was to be planted in front of the celebrant; the bread was to be of the purest wheaten flour, the wine mixed with water. The elements were not to be kept more than seven days; when carried to a sick person to be enclosed in a pyx, and the priest to be preceded by a cross; a candle, holy water and bell.
Practices such as gambling at baptisms and marriages is strictly forbidden.
Archdeacons were to administer justice for their proper fees, not demanding more either for rushing or delaying the business. They were to visit the churches regularly, to see that the services were duly ministered, the vessels and vestments are in proper order, the canon of the mass correctly observed and distinctly read, as also the ‘'hours’’. Priests who clipped or slurred the words by rushing were to be suspended.
The clergy should wear their proper dress and not imitate what the lay people wore. They were not allowed to wear their hair long or have romantic entanglements. The names of excommunicated persons to be read out four times a year in the parish churches.
A copy of these statutes was to be kept by every priest in the diocese, and be brought by him to the Episcopal synod.
It was generally believed that miracles were wrought at Richard's tomb in Chichester cathedral, which was long a popular place of pilgrimage, and in 1262 he was canonized at Viterbo by Pope Urban IV.[12]
His feast day is on 3 April in the West, but because this date generally falls within Lent or Eastertide this is normally translated to 16 June in the Anglican Communion, which venerates St. Richard more widely than does the Roman Catholic Church. Richard furnished the chronicler, Matthew Paris, with material for the life of St. Edmund Rich, and instituted the offerings for the cathedral at Chichester which were known later as "St. Richard's pence."[12]
During the episcopate of the first Anglican bishop of Chichester, Richard Sampson, King Henry VIII of England, through his Vicar-General, Thomas Cromwell ordered the destruction of the Shrine of St. Richard in Chichester cathedral in 1538.[13]
Forasmuch as we have lately been informed that in our cathedral church of Chichester there hath been used long heretofore, and yet at this day is used, much superstition and a certain kind of idolatry about the shrine and bones of a certain bishop of the same, whom they call Saint Richard, and a certain resort there of common people, which being men of simplicity are seduced by the instigation of some of the clergy, who take advantage of their credulity to ascribe miracles of healing and other virtues to the said bones, that God only hath authority to grant. . . . . We have appointed you, with all convenient diligence to repair unto the said cathedral church, and to take away the shrine and bones of that bishop called Saint Richard, with all ornaments to the said shrine belonging, and all other the reliques and reliquaries, the silver, the gold, and all the jewels belonging to said shrine, and that not only shall you see them to be safely and surely conveyed unto our Tower of London there to be bestowed and placed at your arrival , but also ye shall see both the place where the shrine was kept, destroyed even to the ground and all such other images of the said church ,where about any notable superstition is used, to be carried and conveyed away, so that our subjects shall by them in no ways be deceived hereafter, but that they,pay to Almighty God and to no earthly creature such honour as is due unto him the Creator. . . . . Given under our privy seal at our manor of Hampton Court, the 14th day of Dec., in the 30th year of our reign (1538).
Document issued by Thomas Cromwell on behalf of Henry VIII. [14]
The document ordering the destruction of the shrine was issued to a Sir William Goring of Burton and a William Ernley.[15] They received £40 for carrying out the commission on 20 December 1538.[15]
The Shrine of St. Richard had, up to this point, enjoyed a level of popularity approaching that accorded to Thomas Becket at Canterbury. It seems that someone associated with the parish of West Wittering in Sussex, possibly William Ernley , using his position as royal commissioner for the destruction of St. Richard's Shrine, may have spirited away the relics and bones of St. Richard and hidden them in their own parish church, as there are persistent legends of the presence there, of the remains of the saint:
The Lady Chapel not only contains the Saxon Cross but also an ancient broken marble slab engraved with a Bishop's pastoral staff and a Greek cross believed to have come from a reliquary containing the relics of St. Richard of Chichester, a 13th century bishop who often visited West Wittering. Part of his story is shown in the beautiful red, white and gold altar frontal presented by Yvonne Rusbridge in 1976. On the left St Richard is shown feeding the hungry in Cakeham and on the right leading his followers from the church, his candle miraculously alight despite the gust of wind which blew out all the other candles.
Extract from the description of the parish church of St Peter and St Paul, West Wittering. [16]
The modern St Richard's Shrine is located in the retro-quire of Chichester cathedral and was re-established in 1930 by Dean Duncan Jones.[17] In 1987 during the restoration of the Abbey of La Lucerne, in Normandy, the lower part of a man's arm was discovered in a reliquary, the relic was thought to be Richard's.[18] After examination, to establish its provenance, the relic was offered to Bishop Eric Kemp and received into the cathedral on 15 June 1990.[18] The relic was buried in 1991 below the St Richard altar.[18] A further relic, together with an authentication certificate, was offered from Rome at the same time and is now housed at the bishops chapel in Chichester.[18] The modern shrine of Richard contains an altar that was designed by Robert Potter, a tapestry designed by John Piper and an icon designed by Sergei Fyodorov that shows St Richard in episcopal vestments, his hand raised in blessing towards the viewer, but also in supplication to the figure of Christ who appears to him from heaven .[10][18]
Richard is widely remembered today for the popular prayer ascribed to him:
Thanks be to Thee, my Lord Jesus Christ
For all the benefits Thou hast given me,
For all the pains and insults Thou hast borne for me.
O most merciful Redeemer, friend and brother,
May I know Thee more clearly,
Love Thee more dearly,
Follow Thee more nearly.[19]
Richard is supposed to have recited the prayer on his deathbed, surrounded by the clergy of the diocese.[20] The words were transcribed, in Latin, by his confessor Ralph Bocking, a Dominican friar, and were eventually published in the Acta Sanctorum, an encyclopedic text in 68 folio volumes of documents examining the lives of Christian saints. The British Library copy, contains what is believed to be Bockings transcription of the prayer:
Gratias tibi ego, Domine Jesu Christe, de omnibus beneficiis, quae mihi
praestitisti; pro poenis & opprobiis, quae pro me pertulisti; propter quae
plactus ille lamentablis vere tibim competebat. Non est dolor sicut dolor
meus.[20]
Whoever translated the Latin into English was obviously skilled in their craft as they managed to produce a rhyming triplet, namely "clearly, dearly, nearly".[20] However versions of St Richards prayer, before the 20th century, did not contain the triplet and it is thought that the first version that did was published in "The Churchmans Prayer Manual" by G.R.Bullock-Webster in 1913.[19] The first use of the rhyming triplet in a hymn was in the "Mirfield Mission Hymnbook" of 1922, and the first use of the phrase "Day by Day" was in the "Songs of Praise, Enlarged Edition" published in 1931.[20][21]
The author who is credited with translating the prayer from the original Acta Sanctorum and bringing it to public notice, was Cecil Headlam in 1898.[22] The following version in the "Prayers of Saints" is quite different to the one that is familiar today :
THE DYING PRAYER OF S. RICHARD,
Bishop of Chichester.
LORD JESU CHRIST, I thank Thee for
all the blessings Thou hast given me,
and for all the sufferings and shame Thou
didst endure for me, on which account that
pitiable cry of sorrow was Thine : " Behold and
see, if there was any sorrow like unto My
sorrow ! " Thou knowest, Lord, how willing
I should be to bear insult, and pain, and death
for Thee ; therefore have mercy on me, for to
Thee do I commend my spirit. Amen[23]
The prayer was adapted for the song "Day by Day" in the musical Godspell (1971), with music by Stephen Schwarz.[24] The words used, with a few embellishments, were based on the following from "Songs of Praise, Enlarged Edition":[20]
Day by day,
Dear Lord, of thee three things I pray:
To see thee more clearly,
Love thee more dearly,
Follow thee more nearly,
Day by Day.[21]
Richard is the patron saint of the county of Sussex in England. Since 2007, his translated saint's day, 16 June, has been celebrated as Sussex Day.[25]
Richard is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on April 3.
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Robert Passelewe |
Bishop of Chichester 1244–1253 |
Succeeded by John Climping |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by John de Rygater |
Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1240 |
Succeeded by Ralph de Heyham |