Rhodeus

Rhodeus is a genus of cyprinid fish, consisting of 21 species called bitterlings. The scientific name is derived from the Greek word rhodeos, meaning "rose".

Bitterlings are short-lived species, generally surviving only about 5 years. Their maximum size is 11 cm, but they are usually much shorter. Bitterlings inhabit slow-flowing or still waters, such as ponds, lakes, marshes, muddy and sandy pools, and river backwaters. Because they depend on freshwater mussels to reproduce, their range is restricted. Bitterlings are omnivorous, feeding on both invertebrates and plants.

Bitterlings have a remarkable reproduction strategy where parents transfer responsibility for the care of their young to various species of freshwater mussels (Unionidae and Margaritiferidae). The female extends her long ovipositor into the mantle cavity of the mussel and deposits her eggs between the gill filaments. The male then ejects his sperm into the mussel's inhalent water current and fertilization takes place within the gills of the host. The same female may use a number of mussels, and she deposits only one or two yellow, oval eggs into each. Early developmental stages are protected from predation within the body of the mussel. After 3 to 4 weeks larvae swim away from the host to continue life on their own.

In 1936 the bitterling was thought to respond to hormones in a pregnant woman's urine, but the work was later discredited.^[1][2]

Species

This genus and Acheilognathus have a convoluted taxonomic history, one being at times included in the other. They are now considered separate, but some species formerly in Rhodeus are now in Acheilognathus.

• Rhodeus amarus (Bloch, 1782) (European Bitterling)
• Rhodeus amurensis (Vronsky, 1967)
• Rhodeus atremius (D. S. Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1914) (Kyushu Bitterling)
• Rhodeus atremius suigensis (Mori, 1935)
• Rhodeus colchicus Bogutskaya & Komlev, 2001
• Rhodeus fangi (C. P. Miao, 1934)
• Rhodeus haradai Arai, Suzuki & S. C. Shen, 1990
• Rhodeus laoensis Kottelat, Doi & Musikasinthorn, 1998
• Rhodeus lighti (H. W. Wu, 1931) (Light's Bitterling)
• Rhodeus meridionalis S. L. Karaman, 1924
• Rhodeus monguonensis (G. L. Li, 1989)
• Rhodeus notatus (Nichols, 1929)

• Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner, 1866)
  • Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus D. S. Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1914
  • Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus (Kner, 1866) (Rosy Bitterling)
• Rhodeus pseudosericeus Arai, S. R. Jeon & Ueda, 2001
• Rhodeus rheinardti (Tirant, 1883)
• Rhodeus sciosemus (D. S. Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1914)
• Rhodeus sericeus (Pallas, 1776) (Amur Bitterling)
• Rhodeus shitaiensis F. Li & Arai, 2011
• Rhodeus sinensis Günther, 1868
• Rhodeus smithii (Regan, 1908)
• Rhodeus spinalis Ōshima, 1926
• Rhodeus uyekii (Mori, 1935)

References

1. ^ "Deceptive Bitterling". Time (magazine). October 12, 1936. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848651,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-16. "Not quite two years ago physicians and prospective parents welcomed the news that a small, carp-like fish could tell whether or not a woman was going to have a baby ... The bitterling lost her standing and the doe rabbit and mouse were reinstated as nature's best indicators of human pregnancy. But Obstetricians Kanter and Klawans pursued the matter with another research mate, Physiologist Broda Otto Barnes, secured further results which they detailed in Science last week." 
2. ^ "Bitterling Ovipositor Lengthening Produced By Adrenal Extracts". Science (AAAS) 84 (2179): 310. 1936. doi:10.1126/science.84.2179.310-a. PMID 17837041. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/citation/84/2179/310-a. 

• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). Species of Rhodeus in FishBase. August 2011 version.
• http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/Carp_ID/html/rhodeus_sericeus.html
• MacMillan, D. "Fish Histology", Springer 2007, p. 1

External links

 Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Bitterling". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.