Return on capital employed
Return on capital employed is a ratio used in finance, valuation, and accounting.
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The formula
ROCE compares earnings with capital invested in the company. It is similar to Return on Assets (ROA), but takes into account sources of financing. NOPAT is equal to EBIT * (1 - tax) -- the return on the capital employed should be measured in after tax terms.
Operating Income
In the numerator we have NET OPERATING PROFIT AFTER TAX, ie. operating profit or EBIT less tax less non-operating items.
Capital Employed
In the denominator we have net assets or capital employed instead of total assets (which is the case of Return on Assets). Capital Employed has many definitions. In general it is the capital investment necessary for a business to function. It is commonly represented as total assets less current liabilities or fixed assets plus working capital.
ROCE uses the reported (period end) capital numbers; if one instead uses the average of the opening and closing capital for the period, one obtains Return on Average Capital Employed (ROACE).
Application
ROCE is used to prove the value the business gains from its assets and liabilities, a business which owns lots of land but has little profit will have a smaller ROCE to a business which owns little land but makes the same profit.
It basically can be used to show how much a business is gaining for its assets, or how much it is losing for its liabilities.
Drawbacks of ROCE
The main drawback of ROCE is that it measures return against the book value of assets in the business. As these are depreciated the ROCE will increase even though cash flow has remained the same. Thus, older businesses with depreciated assets will tend to have higher ROCE than newer, possibly better businesses. In addition, while cash flow is affected by inflation, the book value of assets is not. Consequently revenues increase with inflation while capital employed generally does not (as the book value of assets is not affected by inflation).
See also
- Cash flow return on investment (CFROI)
- Return on Operating Capital (ROOC)
- Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
- Return on Equity (ROE)
- Return on Assets (ROA)
- Economic Value Added (EVA)
- Cash Surplus Value Added (CsVA) index