Retroscripting

Retroscripting is a term for two techniques used in movie and television programs.

Plot outline

A retroscripted script contains a plot outline and leaves dialogue deliberately vague for interpretation by the actors through improvisation.^[1] It gives realism and characterization to dialogue, and is regularly employed in the Unscripted TV genre. In this respect it is very similar to the historical medium of Commedia dell'arte.

Contemporary examples of television shows using this technique are Home Movies, 10 Items or Less, Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Curb Your Enthusiasm^[1], Trailer Park Boys^[2], Reno 911!^[3], Summer Heights High, Outsider's Inn', as well as films by Christopher Guest.^[4]

Some other films that have contained retroscripted segments are Friday Night Lights^[5], The Blair Witch Project^[6], Paranormal Activity^[7], District 9^[8] and some of the films of Robert Altman^[9], who was known as an actor's director and referred to a screenplay as merely a "blueprint" for the action^[10]. The director John Cassavetes, sometimes known as the "father" of independent film, used retroscripting most notably for his films Husbands (1970) and Faces (1968), although he employed the technique to some degree in most of his films.^[11] Stanley Kubrick employed retroscripting in his film Dr. Strangelove, incorporating Peter Sellers' ad-libbed lines into the script.

Re-recording

Retroscripting can also refer to the practice of recording new or unscripted dialogue over a live-action or animated program. It may be done for a number of reasons:

• To capitalize on a late-breaking news story or scandal and make the episode current,
• To censor potentially troublesome or possibly insensitive dialogue. An episode of Desperate Housewives suffered this fate following the passing of the Pope. A line was redubbed from, "You have to hand it to the Catholics. They know how to do grief better than anyone," to, "You have to hand it to Gabby and Carlos. They know how to do grief better than anyone."
• If an actor has repeated trouble with a line or word. In an episode of Star Trek, according to William Shatner, his fellow actor DeForest Kelley had trouble pronouncing an alien creature's name. The creature's name was "Gumato", but Kelley kept saying "Mugato". The monster eventually became officially known as the Mugato.
• To make late changes to the script. In an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, LeVar Burton and Brent Spiner originally said the USS Stargazer was a "Constitution-class" starship, but in post-production, it was decided to show a previously unseen class of starship. The dialogue was re-dubbed with the words "Constellation-class," partly due to the similarity of the words "constitution" and "constellation."

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Janice ( May 21 2010) "Chatting with Cheryl Hines", 5 Minutes for Mom.com
2. ^ Kirk Hooper, "Trailer Park Boys Interview", inmovies.ca
3. ^ Kyle Ryan, "Interview: Ben Garant and Tom Lennon of Reno 911!" (February 21, 2007) The Onion
4. ^ "Christopher Guest & Eugene Levy—For Your Consideration—11/10/06" (2006) Groucho Reviews
5. ^ Deborah Netburn, "Emmy Awards: 'Friday Night Lights', The free spirit" (May 30, 2007) Los Angeles Times
6. ^ Heather Donohue "Blair Witch Project" (August 14, 1999) KAOS2000
7. ^ Jay Fernandez, "Things that go bump include pay" (Oct 26, 2009) The Hollywood Reporter
8. ^ "District 9 wows audiences" (1 September 2009) East Coast Radio, Durban, South Africa
9. ^ Michael Goldman (Aug 26, 2006) "Robert Altman: Filmic HD", Digital Content Producer
10. ^ Jan Stuart (2003) THE NASHVILLE CHRONICLES:The Making of Robert Altman's Masterpiece, Limelight Editions, ISBN 0-87910-981-5, Reviewed by Bill Chambers, A Film Freak Central Book Review [1]
11. ^ "CASSAVETES, John", Film Reference