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Revend or Revendi [1] [2] [3] (also Rawwadid or Ravvadid), (955-1071[4]), was a Kurdish[4] principality ruling Azerbaijan from the 10th to the early 11th centuries, centered around Tabriz and Maragheh.[5] ]. The Rawadid tribe moved into northern Kurdistan from Arbela in the mid eighth century [6]The Rawadid chief named Muhammad ibn Husain created the regime in the mid tenth century.[7].
The earliest form of the name is written "Rewend" in the Sharafname. According to Vladimir Minorsky, it could have been a corruption of the arabic name "Rawadiya", Minorsky thus leaves space for a possible arabic influence on the tribe. Furthermore, Minorsky tells that the rulers of the tribe could have given their name to it, in other words, it's possible that the Rewend/Rawadiya rulers were of arab origin [8] According to Kasravi, Rawwadids conquered the lands of the Musafirid ruler Ibrahim bin Marzuban, in Azarbaijan in 979. Wahsudan bin Mamlan is the best known Rawwadid ruler, and he is mentioned by Ibn Athir. The regions of Tabriz, Maragheh and the strongholds of Sahand mountain were in his possession. In 1029, he helped the Hadhbani Kurds of Maragheh to defeat the invading Oghuz tribes [5].
According to Kasravi, Rawwadids conquered the lands of the Musafirid ruler Ibrahim bin Marzuban, in Azarbaijan in 979. Wahsudan bin Mamlan is the best known Rawwadid ruler, and he is mentioned by Ibn Athir. The regions of Tabriz, Maragheh and the strongholds of Sahand mountain were in his possession. In 1029, he helped the Hadhbani Kurds of Maragheh to defeat the invading Oghuz Turkish tribes.[9]
Wahsudan also sent an expedition to Ardebil under the command of his son Mamlan II. The ruler (sipahbod) of Moghan had to submit to the conqueror. Mamaln also built a fortress in Ardebil.[10]
Toghrul conquered the principality in 1054 CE, and he defeated the Kurdish prince of Tabriz Wahsudan ibn Mamlan.[11] In 1071, when Alp Arslan returned from his campaign against the Byzantine Empire, he deposed Mamlan. Wahsudan's successor, Ahmad bin Wahsudan, lord of Maragheh, took part in the Muhammad Malik Shah's campaign against Syria in 1110 CE.[12] His full title was Ahmadil bin Ibrahim bin Wahsudan al-Rawwadi al-Kurdi. Ahmadil took part in the crusades on behalf of Muslims. Joscelin made a peace treaty with him during the siege of Tell Bashir (in present-day southern Turkey, south-east of Gaziantep). He was stabbed to death by the Ismailis in 1117 in Baghdad. His descendants continued to rule Maragheh and Tabriz as Atabakane Maragha until the Mongol invasion in 1227.[13][14]
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