Rawadid

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Revend or Revendi [1] [2] [3] (also Rawwadid or Ravvadid), (955-1071[4]), was a Kurdish[4] principality ruling Azerbaijan from the 10th to the early 11th centuries, centered around Tabriz and Maragheh.[5] ]. The Rawadid tribe moved into northern Kurdistan from Arbela in the mid eighth century [6]The Rawadid chief named Muhammad ibn Husain created the regime in the mid tenth century.[7].

The earliest form of the name is written "Rewend" in the Sharafname. According to Vladimir Minorsky, it could have been a corruption of the arabic name "Rawadiya", Minorsky thus leaves space for a possible arabic influence on the tribe. Furthermore, Minorsky tells that the rulers of the tribe could have given their name to it, in other words, it's possible that the Rewend/Rawadiya rulers were of arab origin [8] According to Kasravi, Rawwadids conquered the lands of the Musafirid ruler Ibrahim bin Marzuban, in Azarbaijan in 979. Wahsudan bin Mamlan is the best known Rawwadid ruler, and he is mentioned by Ibn Athir. The regions of Tabriz, Maragheh and the strongholds of Sahand mountain were in his possession. In 1029, he helped the Hadhbani Kurds of Maragheh to defeat the invading Oghuz tribes [5].

According to Kasravi, Rawwadids conquered the lands of the Musafirid ruler Ibrahim bin Marzuban, in Azarbaijan in 979. Wahsudan bin Mamlan is the best known Rawwadid ruler, and he is mentioned by Ibn Athir. The regions of Tabriz, Maragheh and the strongholds of Sahand mountain were in his possession. In 1029, he helped the Hadhbani Kurds of Maragheh to defeat the invading Oghuz Turkish tribes.[9]

Wahsudan also sent an expedition to Ardebil under the command of his son Mamlan II. The ruler (sipahbod) of Moghan had to submit to the conqueror. Mamaln also built a fortress in Ardebil.[10]

Toghrul conquered the principality in 1054 CE, and he defeated the Kurdish prince of Tabriz Wahsudan ibn Mamlan.[11] In 1071, when Alp Arslan returned from his campaign against the Byzantine Empire, he deposed Mamlan. Wahsudan's successor, Ahmad bin Wahsudan, lord of Maragheh, took part in the Muhammad Malik Shah's campaign against Syria in 1110 CE.[12] His full title was Ahmadil bin Ibrahim bin Wahsudan al-Rawwadi al-Kurdi. Ahmadil took part in the crusades on behalf of Muslims. Joscelin made a peace treaty with him during the siege of Tell Bashir (in present-day southern Turkey, south-east of Gaziantep). He was stabbed to death by the Ismailis in 1117 in Baghdad. His descendants continued to rule Maragheh and Tabriz as Atabakane Maragha until the Mongol invasion in 1227.[13][14]

Contents

Rawadid Rulers

  1. Muhammad Ibn Husain (? -c. 951 ?)
  2. Husain I (955-988)
  3. Mamlan I (988 -1000)
  4. Husain II (1000–1019)
  5. Vahsudan (Wahsudan) (1019–1054)
  6. Mamlan II (1054–1071)

See also

References

  1. ^ Sherefkhan Bedlisi "Sherefname" Translation: Ziya Avci
  2. ^ Vladimir Minorsky, Prehistory of Saladin http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/Minorsky/vmpsal1.htm#124.
  3. ^ The Sharafnam̂a, or, The history of the Kurdish nation, 1597, Translation: Mehrdad Izady
  4. ^ a b Misbah Islam, Decline of Muslim States and Societies, Xlibris Corporation, 2008, ISBN 9781436310123, p. 423.
  5. ^ Jamie Stokes, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 9780816071586, p. 382.
  6. ^ Vladimir Minorsky, Prehistory of Saladin http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/Minorsky/vmpsal1.htm#124.
  7. ^ [www.cheshmandaz.org]
  8. ^ Vladimir Minorsky, Prehistory of Saladin http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/Minorsky/vmpsal1.htm#124.
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ V. Minorsky, A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zahid, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1954, p.524
  11. ^ P. Blaum, Diplomacy gone to seed: a history of Byzantine foreign relations, 1047-57 A.D., International Journal of Kurdish Studies, Jan. 2005, p.15 [2]
  12. ^ [3](see under Turkish Conquest)
  13. ^ [4]
  14. ^ La Domination des Dailamites

External links

  1. Minorsky, La Domination des Dailamites, presented in a Conference of the Societé des Etudes Iraniennes, Paris, 28 May 1931. Also see Minorsky, Daylam in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1962, pp. 189–94 [6].
  2. Rawwadids, Encyclopaedia of Islam.
  3. Maragha, Encyclopaedia of Islam.
  4. A Chronology of World Political History(801 - 1000 C.E.)(see Rawwadid)
  5. List of Rawadid Rulers