Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8

Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8
A Siddeley-Deasy-built R.E.8
Role Reconnaissance, Bomber
Manufacturer Royal Aircraft Factory
First flight 17 June 1916
Introduction 1916
Retired 1918
Status Retired
Primary user Royal Flying Corps
Produced 1916- 1918
Number built 4,077
Unit cost £2068 (RAF 4a engine)[1]

The Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8 was a British two-seat biplane reconnaissance and bomber aircraft of the First World War designed by John Kenworthy. Intended as a replacement for the vulnerable B.E.2, the R.E.8 was more difficult to fly, and was regarded with great suspicion at first in the Royal Flying Corps. Although eventually it gave reasonably satisfactory service, it was never an outstanding combat aircraft. In spite of this, the R.E.8 served as the standard British reconnaissance and artillery spotting aircraft from mid-1917 to the end of the war, serving alongside the rather more popular Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8. Over 4,000 R.E.8s were eventually produced and they served in most theatres including Italy, Russia, Palestine and Mesopotamia, as well as the Western Front.

Contents

Design and development

The first of two prototype R.E.8s (Reconnaissance Experimental 8) flew on 17 June 1916.[2] The new type was designed to overcome the failings of the B.E.2 - it had a more powerful motor giving an improved performance, in particular a heavier payload. It was also much better armed, with a synchronised forward-firing .303-in Vickers machine gun and one or two Lewis guns on a Scarff ring in the observer's cockpit, which was finally moved to a position behind the pilot. It was (intentionally) less stable than the B.E.2, although modifications had to be made to improve stability before it could gain acceptance by pilots used to the B.E.2e[3] - making the production version ideal for artillery spotting but giving it little chance of out-manoeuvring enemy fighters.

Most R.E.8s were powered by the 150 hp (112 kW) Royal Aircraft Factory 4a air-cooled 12-cylinder inline engine, though some received the 200 hp (149 kW) RAF 4d engine and others had an Hispano-Suiza engine (as descibed under "variants" below). A shortage of Hispano-Suiza engines and Rolls-Royce aero engines, such as the Falcon, resulted in the RAF 4 remaining the standard engine. It was installed so that the propeller inclined upwards to improve the takeoff and landing run.[4] This produced a "broken back" appearance to the fuselage and an illusion that the tail sloped upwards. Like most RAF engine installations, the twin exhausts protruded over the upper wing to carry the fumes clear of the crew. As with the B.E.2e, the long extensions on the upper wing were reputed to be liable to collapse if the aircraft was dived too sharply.[5]

A total of 4,077 R.E.8s were produced with a further 353 on order cancelled at the end of the war. With the Royal Aircraft Factory, the R.E.8 was produced by six other companies including Austin Motors, Daimler, Standard Motors, Siddeley-Deasy and the Coventry Ordnance Works.

Operational history

The first production aircraft reached France in November 1916. At first, pilots converting from the B.E.2e had problems with the R.E.8's more sensitive controls resulting in a number of accidents and the new type was grounded while a larger tailfin was designed. The modified type proved more acceptable but early service was most inauspicious. On 13 April 1917, a patrol of six R.E.8s from No. 59 Squadron RFC was met by aircraft from Jasta 11 and all the R.E.8s were shot down within five minutes.[6]

The casualty rate in R.E.8 squadrons dropped from the levels of "Bloody April", largely as a result of improved pilot training and tactics. Although never a popular aeroplane, it was reasonably satisfactory for the tasks demanded of it and was even regarded with some affection, gaining the rhyming slang nickname "Harry Tate" (after a popular music hall artist of the time).

The R.E.8 equipped 18 Royal Flying Corps squadrons in 1917 and 19 squadrons in 1918. Belgium was the only country other than Britain (and its Dominions) to operate the R.E.8 during the First World War, receiving 22 in July 1917.

It was intended to replace the R.E.8 with a version of the Bristol Fighter powered by the Sunbeam Arab engine but few "Arab Bristols" had been completed by the end of the war.

By November 1918, the R.E.8 was regarded as completely obsolete and surviving examples were quickly retired after the Armistice.

Variants

R.E.8
Standard general purpose aircraft, powered by 140 hp (104 kW) RAF 4a engine.
R.E.8a
Conversion of one R.E.8 with 200 hp (149 kW) Hispano-Suiza engine in a square, S.E.5 type cowling. No production due to shortage of Hispano engines.[7] At least some of the R.E.8s supplied to Belgium were also re-engined with Hispanos - in this case in a cowling resembling that of the later SPADs.
R.E.9
R.E.8 modified with equal-span wings similar to those of the B.E.2d. Two were converted in 1917, but they showed no advantage over the standard R.E.8 (climb and manoeverability were actually worse)and no production followed.[7]

Survivors

Only two R.E.8s survive. The restoration of R.E.8 F3556 at the Imperial War Museum Duxford was completed in 2004. This aircraft, built by Daimler, had arrived in France on Armistice Day. The other surviving R.E.8 is in Brussels, Belgium and is one of the few examples to have a Hispano-Suiza engine.

Operators

 Australia
 Belgium
 Estonia
 Soviet Union
 United Kingdom -

Specifications

Data from The Royal Aircraft Factory[9]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b Bruce 1954, p. 581.
  2. ^ Mason 1994, p.61.
  3. ^ Cheesman, 1962: p. 56
  4. ^ Bruce 1954, p. 577.
  5. ^ Cheesman, 1962: p. 50/56
  6. ^ Bruce 1954, pp. 577—578.
  7. ^ a b Hare 1990, p. 267.
  8. ^ Gerdessen 1982, p. 76.
  9. ^ Hare 1990, pp. 266–267.
Bibliography
  • Bruce, J.M. "The R.E.8: Historic Military Aircraft: No. 8". Flight, 15 October 1954, pp. 575–581.
  • Cheesman, E.F. (ed.) Reconnaissance & Bomber Aircraft of the 1914-1918 War. Letchworth, UK: Harleyford, 1962.
  • Gerdessen, F. "Estonian Air Power 1918–1945". Air Enthusiast No 18, April–July 1982, pp. 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Hare, Paul R. The Royal Aircraft Factory. London:Putnam, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-843-7.
  • Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London:Putnam, 1994. ISBN 0-85177-861-5.
  • Munson, Kenneth. Bombers, Patrol and Reconnaissance Aircraft 1914-1919. London: Blandford, 1968. ISBN 0-71370-484-5.
  • Taylor, John W.R. "Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.

External links

Royal Aircraft Factory designed aircraft
Armoured Experimental

A.E.1 · A.E.2 · A.E.3
Blériot Experimental

B.E.1 · B.E.2 · B.E.3 · B.E.4 · B.E.5 · B.E.6 · B.E.7 · B.E.8 · B.E.9 · B.E.10 · B.E.11 · B.E.12
Blériot Scout

B.S.1 · B.S.2
Coastal Experimental
Farman Experimental
Fighting Experimental

F.E.1 · F.E.2 · F.E.3 · F.E.4 · F.E.6 · F.E.7 · F.E.8 · F.E.9 · F.E.10 · F.E.11 · F.E.12
Night Experimental
Reconnaissance Experimental

R.E.1 · R.E.2 · R.E.3 · R.E.5 · R.E.7 · R.E.8 · R.E.9
Santos Experimental
Scout Experimental

S.E.1 · S.E.2 · S.E.3 · S.E.4 · S.E.4a · S.E.5 · S.E.6 · S.E.7
Tatin Experimental

T.E.1
Airships

Nulli Secundis · Baby/Beta · Gamma · Delta · Eta
Lists relating to aviation
General
Military
Accidents/incidents
Records
People and aircraft
Campaigns and battles
Entente Powers air services
Central Powers air services