Qawmi (Bengali: কওমী; also variously phonetically transliterated as Quawmi, Quomi, Qaumi, Qaumee, Kawmi, or Qawmy) is an adjective describing one of the two major madrasah educational categories in Bangladesh.[1][2] By definition, all madrasahs not regulated by the Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board are Qawmi. As private charitable organizations, Qawmi madrasahs are supported almost exclusively by donation.
The theological curriculum of the Qawmi madrasahs predominantly follow the Islamic Deobandi model. In the past, the degrees they conferred lacked accreditation or official recognition unlike those conferred by official Alia madrasahs (also spelled "Aliya" and "Aliah"),[1][3] which follow the Calcutta Alia tradition.[4] Starting in 2006, two years after the founding of the privately run Befaqul Mudarressin education board for Qawmi madrasahs, the Bangladeshi government began to recognize some Qawmi degrees.[5]
As of 2006, there were approximately 15,000 registered Qawmi madrasahs in Bangladesh,[4][6] with 200,000 (2 lakh) teachers educating 4,000,000 (40 lakh) students.[6] Actual figures are unknown[2]b and Qawmi madrasas do not keep enrollment records.[5] Moreover, it has been argued that if unregistered Qawmi madrasahs were counted then it could put the total number of Bangladeshi madrasahs as high as 64,000[7]a—suggesting that Qawmi madrasahs outnumber their official Alia counterparts[4] (of which 25,201 existed in 2004[3]).
Contents |
| Key figures | |
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Qasim Nanotvi · Rashid Gangohi |
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| Notable Institutions | |
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Darul Uloom Deoband, India |
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| Movements | |
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Tablighi Jamaat |
Qawmi educational practices originate from the traditional Muslim educational system of Bangladesh.[8] During the British colonial period, these types of madrasahs were called "Khariji," or outside of government.[3] Later, the term "Qawmi" emerged from the word "qom" (meaning "the public")—stemming from the fact that Qawmi madrasahs reject state funding and instead rely on donations from the public.[4]
After 1971, some Qawmi madrasahs began to modernize their teaching, such as by switching the language of instruction from Urdu to Bangla and adding some English language and mathematics lessons.[8] In 1978, a government body called the "Non-government Education Board" was established in an attempt to co-ordinate these madrasahs, of which 2,043 registered with that board by 1998.[9]
The later part of the 20th century saw a major largely unregulated growth in the whole madrasah sector, which expanded from roughly 4,100 schools in 1986 to potentially as many as 64,000 schools by 2005.[7]
The Befaqul Mudarressin of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board was formed in 2004.[3] Soon afterwards, in 2006, the Bangladeshi government began recognizing and supporting the Qawmi system.[5] By this time, approximately 15,000 madrasahs had registered with the Befaqul Mudarressin.[6]
There are two major Qawmi educational systems: those that use the old Dars-i-Nizami curriculum and those that have a modified Nizami curriculum[9] (such as by including English language and mathematics lessons).[8]
The Dars-i-Nizami system originated from early eighteenth century India.[10] There is some controversy regarding movements to "reform" the system, with some calling the move "an 'anti-Islamic' conspiracy, alleging that these are a means to secularise madrasas and rob them of their Islamic identity"—though reformers generally contest that they do not want secularization and that they are not a conspiracy.[10]
In general, Qawmi primary education lasts six years, though it does not differentiate students by progressive grade levels.[3] While the Qawmi primary level covers all subjects found in other madrasah systems, there is no specific time-sequence or order by which subjects are taught as would be expected in grade-based systems. Thus, imposing class-graduated terminology on the Qawmi system may not be meaningful.[3]
In 2004, many Qawmi madrasahs began organizing together under an umbrella organization called the Befaqul Mudarressin (also transliterated as Wafaq ul Madaris) of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board, based in Dhaka, including seven smaller private Madrasah education boards.[3] It is an extension of the process that formed the Wafaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan in 1957.[4]
The board was founded to assure a standardized curriculum and to provide centralized examination. Membership with the board is voluntary, though required for degree accreditation by the Befaqul Mudarressin.[4]
It is organized under a three-tiered representative system led an executive body. The second tier committee comprises senior madrasahs, followed a third tier of ordinary member schools.[4]
As of 2008, the board oversees almost 9000 madrasahs at the following levels:[4]
| Level | Analogue/description | # of Schools* |
|---|---|---|
| Takhmil | Master's | 300 |
| Fazilat | Bachelor's | 200 |
| Sanaria ammah | secondary | 1000 |
| Mutawassitah | lower secondary | 2000 |
| Ibtedayi | primary | 3000 |
| Tahfeez ul Quran | memorisation of the Qur'an | 2000 |
| *Madrasahs are listed by highest level taught since some offer more than one level. | ||
The following are some of the notable Qawmi Madrasahs in Bangladesh: