The Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QuickPath, QPI)[1][2][3] is a point-to-point processor interconnect developed by Intel which replaces the Front Side Bus (FSB) in Xeon, Itanium, and certain desktop platforms. It was designed to compete with HyperTransport. Intel first delivered it in November 2008 on the Intel Core i7-9xx desktop processors and X58 chipset. Intel developed QPI at its Massachusetts Microprocessor Design Center (MMDC) by members of what had been DEC's Alpha Development Group, which Intel acquired from Compaq and HP. Prior to the name's announcement, Intel referred to it as Common System Interface (CSI). Earlier incarnations were known as YAP (Yet Another Protocol) and YAP+.
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The QPI is an element of a system architecture that Intel calls the QuickPath architecture that implements what Intel calls QuickPath technology.[4] In its simplest form on a single-processor motherboard, a single QPI is used to connect the processor to the IO Hub (e.g., to connect an Intel Core i7 to an X58). In more complex instances of the architecture, separate QPI link pairs connect one or more processors and one or more IO hubs or routing hubs in a network on the motherboard, allowing all of the components to access other components via the network. As with HyperTransport, the QuickPath Architecture assumes that the processors will have integrated memory controllers, and enables a non-uniform memory access (NUMA) architecture. It was first released in Xeon processors in March 2009 and Itanium processors in February 2010.[5]
Each QPI comprises two 20-lane point-to-point data links, one in each direction (full duplex), with a separate clock pair in each direction, for a total of 42 signals. Each signal is a differential pair, so the total number of pins is 84. The 20 data lanes are divided onto four "quadrants" of 5 lanes each. The basic unit of transfer is the 80-bit "flit," which is transferred in two clock cycles (four 20 bit transfers, two per clock.) The 80-bit "flit" has 8 bits for error detection, 8 bits for "link-layer header," and 64 bits for "data". QPI bandwidths are advertised by computing the transfer of 64 bits (8 bytes) of data every two clock cycles in each direction.[6]
Although the initial implementations use single four-quadrant links, the QPI specification permits other implementations. Each quadrant can be used independently. On high-reliability servers, a QPI link can operate in a degraded mode. If one or more of the 20+1 signals fails, the interface will operate using 10+1 or even 5+1 remaining signals, even reassigning the clock to a data signal if the clock fails.[6]
The initial Nehalem implementation uses a full four-quadrant interface to achieve 25.6 GB/s, which provides exactly double the theoretical bandwidth of Intel's 1600 MHz FSB used in the X48 chipset.
Although some Core i7 processors use QPI, other Nehalem desktop and mobile processors (e.g. Core i3, Core i5, and other Core i7 processors) do not—at least in any externally accessible fashion. These processors cannot participate in a multiprocessor system. Instead, they directly implement the DMI and PCI-e interfaces, obviating the need for a "northside" device or a processor bus of any type.
QPI operates at a clock rate of either 2.4 GHz, 2.93 GHz, or 3.2 GHz. The clock rate for a particular link depends on the capabilities of the components at each end of the link and the signal characteristics of the signal path on the printed circuit board. The non-extreme Core i7 9xx processors are restricted to a 2.4 GHz frequency at stock reference clocks. Bit transfers occur on both the rising and the falling edges of the clock, so the transfer rate is double the clock rate.
Intel describes the data throughput (in GB/s) by counting only the 64-bit data payload in each 80-bit "flit". However, Intel then doubles the result because the unidirectional send and receive link pair can be simultaneously active. Thus, Intel describes a 20-lane QPI link pair (send and receive) with a 3.2 GHz clock as having a data rate of 25.6 GB/s. A clock rate of 2.4 GHz yields a data rate of 19.2 GB/s. More generally, by this definition a two-link 20-lane QPI transfers eight bytes per clock cycle, four in each direction.
The rate is computed as follows:
QPI is specified as a five-layer architecture,[1] with separate physical, link, routing, transport, and protocol layers. In devices intended only for point-to-point QPI use with no forwarding, such as the Core i7-9xx and Xeon DP processors, the transport layer is not present and the routing layer is minimal.
The physical layer comprises the actual wiring and the differential transmitters and receivers, plus the lowest-level logic that transmits and receives the physical-layer unit. The physical-layer unit is the 20-bit "phit." The physical layer transmits a 20-bit "phit" using a single clock edge on 20 lanes when all 20 lanes are available, or on 10 or 5 lanes when the QPI is reconfigured due to a failure. Note that in addition to the data signals, a clock signal is forwarded from the transmitter to receiver (which simplifies clock recovery at the expense of additional pins).
The link layer is responsible for sending and receiving 80-bit flits. Each flit is sent to the physical layer as four 20-bit phits. Each flit contains an 8-bit CRC generated by the link layer transmitter and a 72-bit payload. If the link layer receiver detects a CRC error, the receiver notifies the transmitter via a flit on the return link of the pair and the transmitter resends the flit. The link layer implements flow control using a credit/debit scheme to prevent the receiver's buffer from overflowing. The link layer supports six different classes of message to permit the higher layers to distinguish data flits from non-data messages primarily for maintenance of cache coherence. In complex implementations of the QuickPath architecture, the link layer can be configured to maintain separate flows and flow control for the different classes. It is not clear if this is needed or implemented for single-processor and dual-processor implementations.
The routing layer sends a 72-bit unit consisting of an 8-bit header and a 64-bit payload. The header contains the destination and the message type. When the routing layer receives a unit, it examines its routing tables to determine if the unit has reached its destination. If so it is delivered to the next-higher layer. If not, it is sent on the correct outbound QPI. On a device with only one QPI, the routing layer is minimal. For more complex implementations, the routing layer's routing tables are more complex, and are modified dynamically to avoid failed QPI links.
The transport layer is not needed and is not present in devices that are intended for only point-to-point connections. This includes the Core i7. The transport layer sends and receives data across the QPI network from its peers on other devices that may not be directly connected (i.e., the data may have been routed through an intervening device.) the transport layer verifies that the data is complete, and if not, it requests retransmission from its peer.
The protocol layer sends and receives packets on behalf of the device. A typical packet is a memory cache row. The protocol layer also participates in cache coherency maintenance by sending and receiving cache coherency messages.
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