Psychiatric genetics
Psychiatric genetics, a subfield of behavioral neurogenetics, studies the role of genetics in psychological conditions such as alcoholism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. The basic principle behind psychiatric genetics is that genetic polymorphisms, as indicated by linkage to e.g. a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), are part of the etiology of psychiatric disorders.[1]
The goal of psychiatric genetics is to better understand the etiology of psychiatric disorders, to use that knowledge to improve treatment methods, and possibly also to develop personalized treatments based on genetic profiles (see pharmacogenomics). In other words, the goal is to transform parts of psychiatry into a neuroscience-based discipline.[2]
Linkage, association, and microarray studies generate raw material for findings in psychiatric genetics.[3] Copy number variants have also been associated with psychiatric conditions. [4] [5] [6]
Most psychiatric disorders are highly heritable; the estimated heritability for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism (80% or higher) is much higher than that of diseases like breast cancer and Parkinson disease.[1] However, linkage analysis and genome-wide association studies have found few reproducible risk factors.[1]
Several genetic risk factors have been found with the endophenotypes of psychiatric disorders, rather than with the diagnoses themselves. That is, the risk factors are associated with particular symptoms, not with the overall diagnosis.[1]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Burmeister M, McInnis MG, Zöllner S (2008). "Psychiatric genetics: progress amid controversy". Nat Rev Genet 9 (7): 527–40. doi:10.1038/nrg2381. PMID 18560438.
- ^ Züchner S, Roberts ST, Speer MC, Beckham JC (2007). "Update on psychiatric genetics". Genet Med 9 (6): 332–40. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e318065a9fa. PMID 17575499.
- ^ Konneker T, Barnes T, Furberg H, Losh M, Bulik CM, Sullivan PF (2008). "A searchable database of genetic evidence for psychiatric disorders". Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147b (6): 671–5. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30802. PMC 2574546. PMID 18548508. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2574546.
- ^ Sebat, J., et al. (2007). "Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism". Science 316 (5823): 445–9. doi:10.1126/science.1138659. PMC 2993504. PMID 17363630. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2993504.
- ^ Stefansson, H., et al. (2008). "Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia". Nature 455 (7210): 232–6. doi:10.1038/nature07229. PMC 2687075. PMID 18668039. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2687075.
- ^ Knight, S., et al. (1999). "Subtle chromosomal rearrangements in children with unexplained mental retardation". The Lancet 354 (9191): 1676–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03070-6. PMID 10568569.
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