| Supreme Executive Power Supremo Poder Ejecutivo |
|
|---|---|
| Coat of arms of Mexico in 1823 | |
| Government of Mexico | |
| In office April 1, 1823 – October 10, 1824 |
|
| Preceded by | Constitutional Monarchy Agustín I |
| Succeeded by | Federal Republic Guadalupe Victoria |
The Provisional Government of Mexico, was an organization denominated Supreme Executive Power (Spanish: Supremo Poder Ejecutivo)[1][2] which served as Executive to govern México between 1823 and 1824, after the fall of Mexican Empire of Agustín I.[3] The organization was responsible for convening the creation of the Federal Republic and was in effect from April 1, 1823 to October 10, 1824.[4]
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On September 27, 1821 after three centuries of Spanish rule, Mexico reached its independence. The Treaty of Córdoba recognized part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain as an Independent Empire, which was recognized as "Monarchist, constitutional and moderate".[5] The new country adopted the name of Mexican Empire.
A minority of the Constituent Congress in search of stability elected as monarch Agustín de Iturbide and thus he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822.[6] However, the Constitutional Empire soon demonstrated the incompatibility of its two main parts, the Emperor and the Constituent Congress. The deputies were imprisoned simply for expressing their disagreements with Iturbide and finally, Iturbide decided to permanently eliminate the Congress, establishing instead a National Junta Board.[7]
The lack of Congress, the arbitrary nature of the Emperor and the absence of solutions to the serious problems that the country was facing increased conspiracies to change the imperial system.[8] Antonio López de Santa Anna proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata which was later joined by Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo. Iturbide then was forced to reestablish the Congress and in a vain attempt to save the order and keep the situation favorable to his supporters, he abdicated to the crown of the Empire on March 19, 1823.[9]
However, the Congress nullified the designation of Iturbide and therefore the recognition of the abdication and made seem the coronation of Iturbide as a logic error in the consummation of Independence.[9]
On March 31, 1823, Constituent Congress appointed a triumvirate consisting by Nicolás Bravo, Guadalupe Victoria and Pedro Celestino Negrete to lead the nation, this organization was named Supreme Executive Power.[10][11] To replace Bravo and Victoria, who were not in the capital, were chosen and Miguel Domínguez and José Mariano Michelena.[12]
The Supreme Executive Power was commissioned to summon the former provinces now Free States, to create the Federal Republic and also to call elections for a new constituent congress. Also, had to overcome a series of political difficulties as the case of the Central American provinces that chose not to join Mexican Federation, the provinces of Oaxaca, Yucatán, Jalisco and Zacatecas that declared itself free and sovereign states,[12] also faced a conspiracy of supporters of Iturbide and anti-Spanish rebellion attempt.[10]
On November 5, 1823 was installed the new constituent congress. On January 31, 1824 was issued the decree which created the Constitutive Act of the Mexican Federation.[13]
The draft constitution was submitted for discussion on April 1, 1824, and was approved on October 3 of that year, and finally, was enacted the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 on October 4, 1824 by which was officially founded the United Mexican States.
On October 10, 1824, Guadalupe Victoria took office as the first President of Mexico.[14]
| Head of State[15][16][17] | Took office | Left office | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicolás Bravo | March 31, 1823 | October 10, 1824 | ||
| Guadalupe Victoria | March 31, 1823 | October 10, 1824 | ||
| Pedro Celestino Negrete | March 31, 1823 | October 10, 1824 | ||
| Mariano Michelena | April 1, 1823 | October 10, 1824 | Substitute Member | |
| Miguel Domínguez | April 1, 1823 | October 10, 1824 | Substitute Member | |
| Vicente Guerrero | April 1, 1823 | October 10, 1824 | Substitute Member | |