Preflight Planning Dispatch Checklist
Background and Rationale
Depending on the regulations under which an aircraft will operate, the FAA and ICAO have established provisions to ensure that appropriate information is gathered and considered before flight. It is extremely important for pilots to be well-prepared ahead of time with the information they will need to make good aeronautical decisions. If he/she waits until airborne, the pilot workload may become such that the pilot could be distracted by information gathering tasks when more critical tasks need to be accomplished to keep the flight flying safely. Or critical information simply may not be available to the pilot in flight that would have been available to him/her on the ground. Either case could lead to poor aeronautical decision making (ADM) and cause an aircraft accident or incident. The FAA has identified several "hazardous attitudes" in pilots that lead to accidents. One of which is "impulsivity". Even if a pilot does not demonstrate the "impulsivity" hazardous attitude, and believes he/she is performing adequate preflight preparation, without a checklist important preflight task items may be missed.
According to historian and writer Atul Gawande, the concept of a pre-flight checklist was first introduced by management and engineers at Boeing Corporation following the 1935 crash of a prototype B-17 at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio, killing both pilots. Investigation found that the pilots had forgotten to disengage a critical wing adjustment mechanism prior to take-off. Life magazine published the resulting lengthy and detailed B-17 checklist in its 24 August 1942 issue.[1]
The following checklist is developed to help Aviators ensure they consider as much information as possible in the preflight phase so that they can make the best go/no-go decision possible and will be well-prepared once flying the flight where workload may constrain the ability to perform these tasks adequately. It is hoped that using this checklist, pilots can avoid the 5 P's: "Poor Planning leads to Poor Pilot Performance". Using a checklist can help as an antidote to the "impulsivity" hazardous attitude and can improve performance when time is of the essence.
Preflight Information Checklist
Pilot(s)
- I - illness
- M - medication
- S - stress and/or external pressures (get-there-itis)
- A - alcohol/drugs
- F - fatigue
- E - eating
Be aware of any "hazardous attitudes" and use antidote if necessary:
Antiauthority: Don't tell me. Follow the rules. They are usually right.
Impulsivity: Do something quickly. Not so fast. Think first. Use a checklist.
Invulnerability: It won't happen to me. It could happen to any of us, especially me.
Macho: I can do it. Taking chances is foolish and unnecessary.
Resignation: What's the use? I'm not helpless. I can make a difference.
Airports Intended for Use
- review airport diagram(s)/runway incursion hotspots/plan taxi routes/LAHSO operations
- wind* and crosswind component for time of arrival/departure
- availability of instrument approach at night and/or minimums relative to forecast weather
- pattern altitude, direction, entry/surrounding terrain and airspace
- noise abatement procedures and curfews
- communications frequencies (ATIS, approach, tower, ground, unicom)
- alternatives available*
- runway lengths*
- elevation*
- runway slope*
- temperature* and ceiling/visibility/thunderstorms for time of arrival/departure
- density altitude for time of arrival/departure
- runway width
- paved or grass
- tower or non-tower
- fuel availability
- hours of operation of tower, fuel service, maintenance, airport management
- location of FBO/taxi diagram/taxi route/width of taxiways
- availability of restrooms
- passenger waiting area and directions to it given to passengers or their ride
- ground transportation availability/hours of operation
- pilot lounge/briefing facilities availability/hours of operation
- food/lodging availability/hours of operation
- landing/ramp fees and fuel prices
- availability of pilot shop for updated charts or other supplies such as batteries
Weather
- sunset/sunrise
- weather observations and forecasts* (Hourly/Speci METAR's, TAF's reissued at 00Z,06Z,12Z,18Z)
- SIGMETs=WST/WS and AIRMETs=WA (WST's issued H+55/2hr frcst; WS iss as nec./4hr frcst; WA iss 0845Z, 1445Z, 2045Z, 0245Z/6hr period, 3hr outlook, updated/corr. as nec., S=IFR/Mtn. Obs., T=Turb., Z=Icing)
- thunderstorms (Radar, Lapse Rate/Atmospheric Stability, Conv. SIGMET=WST)
- areas of marginal VMC or IMC (Satellite, ADDS Flight Path Tool Flight Category Display)
- (VFR flights) areas of mountain obscuration where terrain would require climb descent through ceilings even though VFR reported in valleys, or other areas where aircraft could get stuck VFR over-the-top
- icing (Current Icing Potential and Forecast Icing Potential on ADDS, FD Temps/Winds Aloft Forecast for frzing level, temps between +2 and -20 deg. C)
- PIREPs
- winds aloft and turbulence (don't fly with winds over 30 knots close to high/rough terrain; check FD for wind shear; 9900=calm, 731960=230@119,-60 deg. C, 7799=270@>199knots)
- locations of highs, lows, frontal crossings, airmasses (FA synopsis-18 hr. period, surf. analysis and sig wx progs)
- cloud bases and tops (Area Forecast SFO, SLC reissued 0345Z++, 1145Z++, 2045Z++ (one hour earlier during DT) 12hr forecast + 6hr outlook; ADDS Flight Path Tool relative humidity cross-section display)
ATC and Route
- draw a line on chart for each leg with magnetic course and ETE
- terrain (note wind direction and plan to fly on windward side of ridge or leeward side of a valley; cross ridges at a 45 degree angle; avoid flying over extensive areas of rough terrain with few landing areas)
- obstacles
- parachute, soaring, balloon activity areas
- climb and descent planning (locate Top of Climb, Top of Descent)
- prominent landmark checkpoints and overshoot and bracketing landmarks
- available published navaids and ATC published reporting points for communication with ATC
- NOTAMS/Navaid & GPS RAIM or SBAS availability
- temporary flight restrictions (TFRs)
- terminal airspace
- procure terminal airspace charts necessary for route flown
- route, TOC, and TOD drawn on aeronautical charts with mag course and leg ETE's
- ensure GPS databases are up-to-date and there is a means to update them enroute if necessary
- review airline flight patterns and final approach corridors and plan avoidance/crossings
- review other high density traffic areas and make special note to fly heads up in these areas (not a good place to enter an amended flight plan into your GPS/FMS here!)
- special use airspace (SUA) including Military Operating Areas (MOA's) and Military Training Routes (MTR's)
- appropriate altitudes for terrain, obstacle, terminal airspace, SUA, TFR safe clearance, winds, turbulence, and regulatory cruise altitude per direction of flight; fly higher at night for increased gliding distance to landing areas.
- notebook or navlog available and pen/pencil to record ETA's and ATA's
- traffic delays*
- (for IFR) available terminal enroute control (TEC) routes or ATC preferred routing
- obtain ATC predeparture clearance (for IFR) and (VFR or IFR) ensure route properly entered in aircraft flight mangagement system (FMS/GPS) before engine start to minimize distraction and maximize heads up time when taxiing and holding short
- (for VFR) consider requesting VFR flight following from tower, note nearby ATC facilities and frequencies
- (for VFR) file a flight plan with Flight Service (FSS) and note how to open/close
Aircraft Performance
- aircraft gross weight*
- airspeeds at given gross weight and density altitude (final approach, Vx, Vy, Glide, Maneuvering)
- aircraft center of gravity
- takeoff and landing distance*
- fuel requirements* including diversion to alternate if necessary
- climb performance in ft/min and ft/nm relative to terrain and/or IFR departure procedure requirement
Aircraft Airworthiness
- A - Annual Inspection
- V - VOR Check (IFR only - 90 days +-4 deg. ground, +- 6 deg. air)
- I - 100 Hour Inspection (aircraft operated for hire)
- A - Altimeter/Pitot Static Inspection (IFR only - 24 calendar months)
- T - Transponder (24 calendar months)
- E - ELT Inspection (12 cal. mos)/ELT Battery (1 hr use, exp. date on battery)
- D - Directives (Airworthiness Directives)
*Enumerated specifically in U.S. CFR Title 14[2]
References
- ^ "Cockpit Conversation". Life: pp. 65. 1942-08-24. http://books.google.com/books?id=fk4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA6&dq=life%20magazine%20aug%2024%201942&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q=life%20magazine%20aug%2024%201942&f=true. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
- ^ "Title 14 CFR Part 91 Sec. 91.103 - Preflight Action". U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=79030905a1cf4b7ebbaff570e75f26bc&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:2.0.1.3.10.2.4.2&idno=14. Retrieved 2009-07-18.