| Porolissum | |
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The Praetorian gate (Porta Praetoria) |
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Location within Romania
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| Known also as |
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| Founded during the reign of | Trajan |
| Founded | c. 106 AD |
| Attested by | Tabula Peutingeriana |
| Place in the Roman world | |
| Roman province | Dacia |
| Administrative unit | Dacia Porolissensis |
| Administrative unit | Dacia Superior |
| Limes | Porolissensis |
| Directly connected to | |
| Structure | |
| — Stone structure — | |
| Size and area | 230 m x 300 m (6.9 ha) |
| Shape | Rectangular |
| Wall thickness | 1.80 ÷ 2.50 m [1] |
| Construction technique | Opus incertum [1] |
| — Wood and earth structure — | |
| Size and area | 225 m x 295 m (6.6 ha) |
| Shape | Rectangular |
| Stationed military units | |
| — Legions — | |
| — Cohorts — | |
| — Numeri — | |
| Palmyrenorum | |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | |
| Place name | Măgura Pomăt / Pomet [2] |
| Town | Moigrad-Porolissum |
| County | Sălaj |
| Region | Transylvania |
| Country | Romania |
| Reference | |
| RO-LMI | SJ-I-m-A-04909.01 [2] |
| RO-RAN | 140734.08 [2] |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruined, some parts are reconstructed |
| Excavation dates | |
| Exhibitions | Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj |
Porolissum was an ancient Roman city in Dacia. Established as a military camp in 106 during Trajan's Dacian Wars, the city quickly grew through trade with the native Dacians and became the capital of the province Dacia Porolissensis in 124. The site is one of the largest and best-preserved archaeological sites in modern-day Romania. It is 8 km away from the modern city of Zalău, in Jac village, Creaca Commune, Sălaj County.
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In 106, at the beginning of his second war against the Dacians, Emperor Trajan established a military stronghold at the site to defend the main passageway through the Carpathian mountains. The fort, initially built of wood on stone foundations, was garrisoned with 5000 auxiliary troops transferred from Spain, Gaul and Britain. Even though the name Porolissum appears to be Dacian in origin, archaeologists have so far uncovered no evidence of a Dacian settlement preceding the Roman fort.
In the following decades, the fort was enlarged and rebuilt in stone (possibly under the reign of Marcus Aurelius), and a civilian settlement developed around the military center. When Hadrian created the new province Dacia Porolissensis (named for the now sizable city) in 124, Porolissum became the administrative center of the province. Under emperor Septimius Severus, the city was granted municipium status, allowing its leaders and merchants to act independently. Although the Romans withdrew from Dacia in 271 under Aurelian and the city was abandoned by its founders, archaeological evidence shows that it remained inhabited for several centuries afterwards.
Even though the city was founded as a military center in the middle of a war, the garrison of Porolissum seems to have lived in peaceful coexistence with their Dacian neighbours - several Dacian villages that were apparently founded after the city of Porolissum have been uncovered by archaeologists on the surrounding hills. There are also some inscriptions mentioning city officials with Romano-Dacian names, indicating close cooperation on a political level.
Limited archaeological work at Porolissum began in the 19th century, but it was not until 1977 when Romanian archaeologists began larger-scale, systematic excavations. The excavations by a number of teams are ongoing and have uncovered remnants of both the military installations and the civilian city, including public baths, a customs house, a temple to Liber Pater, an amphitheatre, insula consisting of four buildings and a number of houses. The main gate (Porta Praetoria) of the stone fortress has been rebuilt. Current excavation work undertaken by a joint American-Romanian team is focusing upon the city's forum.
From 2006, another project, "Necropolis Porolissensis", is running focused on the cemetery of the municipium Porolissum, on the spot known as "Ursoies". Since 2009 an Romanian-German-Hungarian team is excavating an underground-building in the centre of the castle, probably a mithraeum.