| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. Members of the parliament are chosen according to a proportional representation system.[1]
The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The system of government established by the Dayton Accord is an example of consociationalism, as representation is by elites who represent the country's three major groups, with each having a guaranteed share of power.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two Entities - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, which each have largely autonomous political power, as well as the district of Brčko, which is jointly administered by both. Each of the Entities has its own constitution.
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Due to the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995, Bosnia and Herzogovina forms an international protectorate, with decisive power given to the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. It retained Bosnia's exterior border and created a joint multi-ethnic and democratic government. This national government - based on proportional representation similar to that which existed in the former socialist regime - is charged with conducting foreign, economic, and fiscal policy.
The Dayton Agreement established the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. About 250 international and 450 local staff members are employed by the OHR.
The highest political authority in the country is the High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the chief executive officer for the international civilian presence in the country. Since 1995, the High Representative has been able to bypass the elected parliamentary assembly or to remove elected officials. The methods selected by the High Representative are often seen as dictatorship.[2][3] Even the symbols of Bosnian statehood (flag, coat of arms) have been chosen by the Highest Representative rather than by the Bosnian people. The source of the authority of the High Representative is essentially contractual. His mandate derives from the Dayton Agreement, as confirmed by the Peace Implementation Council, an ad hoc body with a Steering Board composed of representatives of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK, the United States, the presidency of the European Union, the European Commission, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
The Chair of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina rotates among three members (Bosniak, Serb, Croat), each elected as incumbent of the Chair for an 8-month term within their 4-year term as a member. The three members of the Presidency are elected directly by the people (Federation votes for the Bosniak/Croat, Republika Srpska for the Serb). The Presidency is the head of state institution and it is mainly responsible for the foreign policy and proposing the budget.
The Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina is nominated by the Presidency and approved by the House of Representatives. He is then responsible for appointing a Foreign Minister, Minister of Foreign Trade, and others as appropriate.
The Council is responsible for carrying out various policies and decisions in the fields of diplomacy, economy, inter-Entity relations and other matters as agreed by the Entities.
Each of the Entities has its own Council of Ministers, which deal with internal matters not dealt with by the state Council.
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| High Representative | Valentin Inzko | 26 March 2009 | |
| Members of the Presidency | Željko Komšić (Chair) | Social Democratic Party | 6 November 2006 |
| Nebojša Radmanović | Alliance of Independent Social Democrats | 6 November 2006 | |
| Bakir Izetbegović | Party of Democratic Action | 4 October 2010 | |
| Prime Minister | Nikola Špirić | Alliance of Independent Social Democrats | 1 November 2007 |
| Prime Minister-designate | Vjekoslav Bevanda | Croatian Democratic Union | January 2012 |
Past international high representatives: Carl Bildt, Carlos Westendorp, Wolfgang Petritsch, Paddy Ashdown, Christian Schwarz-Schilling, Miroslav Lajčák.
Members of the Presidency who stepped down under pressure from the Office of the High Representative: Mirko Šarović, Ante Jelavić, Dragan Čović. Alija Izetbegović also withdrew from the Presidency.
In February 2000, the Supreme Court ruled that the structure of the Council of Ministers was unconstitutional; a new structure is being negotiated.
Federation president and vice-president in 1999: Ejup Ganić and Ivo Andrić-Lužanski.
Past RS presidents: Radovan Karadžić, Biljana Plavšić, Nikola Poplašen, Mirko Šarović, Dragan Čavić, Milan Jelić.
RS president Nikola Poplašen was removed by the OHR on 5 March 1999.
The Parliamentary Assembly or Parliamentarna skupština is the main legislative body in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It consists of two chambers:
The Parliamentary Assembly is responsible for:
Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have a permanent election law until 2001, during which time a draft law specified four-year terms for the state and first-order administrative division entity legislatures. The final election law was passed and publicized on 9 September 2001.
The House of Peoples includes 15 delegates who serve two-year terms. Two-thirds of them come from the Federation (5 Croats and 5 Bosniaks) and one-third from the RS (5 Serbs). Nine members of the House of Peoples constitutes a quorum, provided that at least three delegates from each group are present. Federation representatives are selected by the House of Peoples of the Federation, which has 58 seats (17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 others) and whose members are delegated by cantonal assemblies to serve 4-year terms. RS representatives are selected by the 28-member Republika Srpska Council of Peoples which was established in the Republika Srpska National Assembly; each constituent nation has eight delegates, "others" have four delegates.
The House of Representatives comprises 42 Members, two-thirds elected to serve four-year terms from the Federation (14 Croats and 14 Bosniaks) and one-third elected from the RS (14 Serbs). Federation members come from the Federation House of Representatives with 98 seats whose members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. RS members come from the RS National Assembly, which has 83 seats and whose members are elected by popular vote to serve 4-year terms.
| Candidates | Nominating parties | Bosniaks | Serbs | Croats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haris Silajdžić | SBiH | 288,321 (62%) | ||
| Sulejman Tihić | SDA | 130,470 (28%) | ||
| Mirnes Ajanović | Patriotski Blok BOSS-SDU BiH | 38,412 (8%) | ||
| Nebojša Radmanović | SNSD | 216,631 (55%) | ||
| Mladen Bosić | SDS | 98,329 (25%) | ||
| Ranko Bakić | 13,198 (3%) | |||
| Željko Komšić | SDP | 97,267 (41%) | ||
| Ivo Miro Jović | HDZ BiH | 59,831 (25%) | ||
| Božo Ljubić | (HDZ 1990) | 42,424 (18%) | ||
| Mladen Ivanković Lijanović | 20,954 (9%) | |||
| Total | 457,203 | 328,158 | 220,446 | |
| Source: Izbori.ba | ||||
| Parties | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Republika Srpska | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||
| Party of Independent Social Democrats (Stranka nezavisnih socijaldemokrata)-Milorad Dodik | 7,265 | 0.85% | 0 | 262,203 | 46.93% | 7 | 7 |
| Party of Democratic Action (Stranka Demokratske Akcije) | 217,961 | 25.54% | 8 | 20,514 | 3.67% | 1 | 9 |
| Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina (Stranka za Bosnu i Hercegovinu) | 196,230 | 22.99% | 7 | 23,257 | 4.16% | 1 | 8 |
| Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Socijaldemokratska partija Bosne i Hercegovine) | 131,450 | 15.40% | 5 | 11,822 | 2.12% | 0 | 5 |
| Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska demokratska stranka) | 108,616 | 19.44% | 3 | 3 | |||
| Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica)-Hrvatska koalicija-HNZ | 68,188 | 7.99% | 3 | 1,145 | 0.20% | 0 | 3 |
| Croats Together (Hrvatsko Zajedništvo, coalition led by HDZ 1990) | 52,095 | 6.10% | 2 | 591 | 0.11% | 0 | 2 |
| Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilović (Bosanskohercegovačka Patriotska Stranka-Sefer Halilović) | 37,608 | 4.41% | 1 | 866 | 0.16% | 0 | 1 |
| Party of Democratic Progress (Partija demokratskog progresa RS ) | 28,410 | 5.08% | 1 | 1 | |||
| People's Party Work for Betterment (Narodna stranka Radom za boljitak) | 27,487 | 3.22% | 1 | 5,533 | 0.99% | 0 | 1 |
| Democratic People's Alliance (Demokratski narodni savez) | 232 | 0.03% | 0 | 19,868 | 3.56% | 1 | 1 |
| Democratic People's Community (Demokratska Narodna Zajednica) | 16,221 | 1.90% | 1 | 321 | 0.06% | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 28 | 14 | 42 | ||||
National House of Representatives:
House of Peoples:
Federation House of Representatives:
Federation House of Peoples:
Republika Srpska National Assembly:
The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the supreme, final arbiter of legal matters. It is composed of nine members: four members are selected by the House of Representatives of the Federation, two by the Assembly of the RS, and three by the President of the European Court of Human Rights after consultation with the Presidency.
Terms of initial appointees are 5 years, unless they resign or are removed for cause by consensus of the other judges. Once appointed, judges are not eligible for reappointment. Judges subsequently appointed will serve until the age of 70, unless they resign or are removed for cause. Appointments made 5 years after the initial appointments may be governed by a different law of selection, to be determined by the Parliamentary Assembly.
Proceedings of the Court are public, and decisions will be published. Rules of court are adopted by a majority of the Court, and decisions are final and binding.
The Constitutional Court's original jurisdiction lies in deciding any constitutional dispute that arises between the Entities or between Bosnia and Herzegovina and an Entity or Entities. Such disputes may be referred only by a member of the Presidency, by the Chair of the Council of Ministers, by the Chair or Deputy Chair of either chamber of the Parliamentary Assembly, or by one-fourth of the legislature of either Entity.
The Court also has appellate jurisdiction within the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of three divisions - Administrative, Appellate and Criminal - having jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law and appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities.
A War Crimes Chamber was added in January 2005, and has currently adopted two cases transferred from the ICTY, as well as dozens of war crimes cases initiated in cantonal courts.
The State Court also deals with organized crime, economic crime and corruption cases. For example, former Presidency member Dragan Ćović is currently on trial for involvement in organized crime syndicates.
The Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dom za ljudska prava za Bosnu i Hercegovinu) has displayed activity between March 1996 and 31 December 2003. It was a judicial body established under Annex 6 to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dayton Peace Agreement).
The entities each have a Supreme Court. Each entity also has a number of lower courts. There are 10 cantonal courts in the Federation, plus a number of municipal courts. The Republika Srpska has five municipal courts.
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