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Poland |
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Foreign policy
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Other countries · Atlas |
The Polish legislative election of 1947 was held on January 19, 1947 in the People's Republic of Poland. The anti-communist opposition candidates and activists were persecuted and the eventual results were falsified. According to the official results, the communist-controlled Democratic Bloc (Blok Demokratyczny), composed of the Polish Workers Party (PPR), Polish Socialist Party (PPS), Popular Party (SL), and Democratic Party (SD) and non-partisan candidates, gained 80.1% votes (390 out of 444 seats). In fact, the Democratic Bloc gained only about 50% of the votes.[1]
The elections were not free, as opposition candidates were discriminated against and the votes were rigged.[2] Nonetheless, the election gave the Soviet Union and its Polish satellite communist government[3] enough legitimacy to claim that Poland was 'free and democratic', and allowing Poland to sign the charter of the United Nations.[4]
It was the first legislative election in Poland since 1938.[a] The election marked the beginning of open Communist rule in Poland.
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By 1946, Poland was mostly under the control of the Soviet Union and its proxies, the Polish communists. In 1946 the communists already tested their strength by falsifying the Polish people's referendum, 1946 ("3xYES Referendum") [5] and banning all right-wing parties (under the pretext of their pro-Nazi stance). By 1947 the only remaining legal opposition was the Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (Polish People's Party) of Stanisław Mikołajczyk, which refused to join the communist alliance.[6][7]
Although the Yalta agreement called for free elections in Poland, those held in January 1947 were controlled by the Polish communists.[8] The election law, introduced before the elections, allowed the government - which since its establishment in 1944 was controlled by the communists - to remove over half a million people from the list of those eligible for voting, under false accusations of collaboration with the Nazis or 'anti-government bandits' (i.e. Armia Krajowa and other Polish resistance movements loyal to the Polish government in exile). Over 80,000 members of the Polish People's Party were arrested under various false charges in the month preceding the election, and around 100 of them were murdered by the Polish Secret Police (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB).[9] 98 opposition parliamentary candidates were also crossed from the registration lists under these accusations. Finally, in some regions - especially those known to be strongholds of the Polish Peasants Party - the entire electoral list of that party was disqualified for various technical and legal reasons.[9]
The entire falsification action was organized and closely monitored by specialists from Polish secret police, worked closely with their Soviet counterparts like Aron Pałkin and Siemion Dawydow, both high-ranking officers from the Soviet Ministry for State Security. The Soviet assistance was asked for before the referendum of 1946 by a prominent Polish communist, Bolesław Bierut, head of the provisional Polish parliament (State National Council).[10] Over 40% of the members of the electoral commissions who were supposed to monitor the voting were recruited by the UB.[11]
The opposition candidates and activists were persecuted until the very election day and the publicized results were falsified,[12] with the official results known to selected government officials long before the actual elections took place.[1] The real results were not known to anyone, as in the areas government control was high enough, some of the ballot boxes were simply destroyed even before being counted [9] or exchanged with the boxes filled with prepared votes.[10] Where possible, government officials simply filled in the numbers in the relevant documents as per instructions from the communist officials without bothering to count the real votes.[10] In his report to Joseph Stalin, after the 1947 results, Pałkin estimated that the real results (i.e. votes cast) gave communists about 50%.[1] The opposition itself estimated that it should have received about 80% of the votes[13] if the elections were not rigged and the voters were not terrorised.
A Time Magazine article covering the elections noted in its lead paragaph: In a spirit of partisan exuberance tempered with terror, Poland approached its first nationwide popular election, ten days hence. By last week most of the combined opposition (Socialist and Polish Peasant Party) candidates had been jailed, and their supporters more or less completely cowed by the secret police, by striking their names from voting lists and by arrest. The Communist-dominated Government ventured to predict an "overwhelming" victory.[14]
Many members of opposition parties, including Mikołajczyk - who would have likely become the Prime Minister of Poland had the election been honest [15] - saw no hope in further struggle and, fearing for their lives, left the country.[5] Western governments issued only token protests, if any, which led many anti-Communist Poles to speak of postwar "Western betrayal". In the same year, the new Legislative Sejm voted for the Small Constitution of 1947, and Bolesław Bierut, a Pole who was a Communist and a citizen of the USSR, was elected president of Poland by the parliament. Over the next two years, the Communists would ensure their rise to power by monopolizing political power in Poland under the PZPR.[16]
Party/Coalition | Votes | Number | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |
Democratic Bloc (coalition of 4 Left parties) | ? | 80.1% | 390 | 87.6% |
:Polish Workers' Party | - | - | 114 | - |
:Polish Socialist Party | - | - | 116 | - |
:Agrarian Party | - | - | 109 | - |
:Democratic Party | - | - | 41 | - |
:Independents | - | - | 10 | - |
Polish Peasants Party | ? | 10.3% | 28 | 6.3% |
Labour Party | ? | 4.7% | 15 | 3.4% |
Polskie Stronnitctwo Ludowe-Nowe Wyzwolenie | ? | 3.5% | 7 | 1.6% |
Catholic groups | ? | 1.4% | 5 | 1.1% |
a. ^ Elections of 1938 took place in the Second Polish Republic, before World War II.
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