Phlegmon is a spreading diffuse inflammatory process with formation of suppurative/purulent exudate or pus. This is the result of acute purulent inflammation which is due to bacterial infection.
An example would be phlegmon of diverticulitis. In this case a patient would present to the emergency department with left lower quadrant abdominal tenderness, and the diagnosis of sigmoid diverticulitis would be high on the differential diagnosis, yet the best test to confirm it would be CT scan[1].
Another example, phlegmon affecting the spine, is known as spondylodiscitis and is associated with loss of disc height and endplate destruction. In adults, the bone marrow is affected first, while in children, the disease starts in the disc itself and spreads rapidly to the adjacent vertebral bodies. Phlegmon in the spine can be a diffuse enhancement, or localized abscess, (peripheral enhancement) in the epidural, subligamentous or paraspinous spaces. Under MRI examination, phlegmon will show dark with T1, and high signal (bright) with T2.
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Commonly by bacteria - streptococci, spore and non-spore forming anaerobes, etc.
Factors affecting the development of phlegmons are virulence of bacteria and immunity strength.
NB: severity of patient condition with phlegmons is directly proportional to the degree of intoxication level i.e the severe the condition, the higher degree of intoxication level.
A noninfectious occurrence of phlegmon be found in the acute pancreatitis of Systemic Lupus Erythamatosis. The immunosuppressive aspects of this disease and the immunosuppressive medications used to treat it blunt each of the signs of infection. [2]
The main goal of treatment is to remove the cause of the phlegmonous process in order to achieve effective treatment and prevention of residives.
If the patient's condition is mild and signs of inflammatory process are present without signs of infiltrates, then conservative treatment with antibiotics is sufficient.
If the patient's condition is severe, however, immediate operation is usually necessary with application of drainage system. All of these are done under general anaesthesia. During operation, the cavity or place of phlegmonous process are washed with antiseptic, antibiotic solutions and proteolyic ferments.
In post-operative period, patients are treated with intravenous antibiotics, haemosorbtion, vitaminotherapy. Additionally, the use of i/v or i/m antistaphylococci γ-globulin or anatoxin can be taken as immunotherapy.
During operation of phlegmon dissection at any location, it is important: