Philip Louis I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg

Philip Louis I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg
Drawing by Karl Gruber of the grave monument of Count Philip Louis I of Hanau-Münzenberg, that was destroyed during World War II
Spouse(s) Countess Magdalena of Waldeck
Noble family House of Hanau
Father Philip III, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg
Mother Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern
Born 21 November 1533(1533-11-21)
Died 4 February 1580(1580-02-04) (aged 46)
Burial St. Mary's Church in Hanau

Philip Louis I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (21 November 1553 – 4 February 1580) succeeded his father in the government of the County of Hanau-Münzenberg in 1561.

Contents

Background

Philip Louis I, was the son of Count Philip III of Hanau-Münzenberg and the countess palatine Helena of Simmern. His godparents were:

His hobby was collecting coins and medals.

Youth

Childhood

Nothing is known about his early years. In 1560, when he was seven years old, his father appointed him as bailiff of the district of Steinau. Presumably, this was a sinecure.

Just one year later, his father died and he inherited the county of Hanau-Münzenberg. A committee of regents was appointed to rule on his behalf.

Regency

The regency was established by the Reichskammergericht ("Imperial Supreme Court") at the request of his mother. Three regents were appointed, as requested:

Count Reinhard I of Solms, who had already acted as a guardian for Philip Louis's father and who was more closely related to Philip Louis, was apparently ignored when the regency was established. He had expected to be regent and had already accepted the homage of the subjects, whom he now had to release. The reason may have been that Reinhard was a Catholic and Hanau-Münzenberg had joine to Reformation religiously as well as prolitically. On the other hand, the contrast between Calvinism (as practised in the Palatinate) and Lutheranism (in Hanau-Lichtenberg) was not as pronounced at this time as it was a generation later, when the Count of Hanau-Münzenberg acted as regent of Hanau-Lichtenberg and the difference it caused violent clashes between Regent and his Lutheran subjects. Philip Louis disagreed for a while of the religious orientation that count's education should take, and at which court he should receive this education. In the end, they reached an agreement.

Education

The young Count Philip Louis I was described by his teachers as highly intelligent and eager to learn. From 1563 onwards, his guardians looked into the possibility of him being educated abroad. As this led to nothing, he stayed for three years at the court of his guardian in Dillenburg, where he was educated together with his guardian's youngest brother, Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg (1550–1574). From 1567 to 1569, they studied together at the University of Strasbourg and after 1569 at the University of Tübingen.[1] Here, count Philip Louis I came into contact with the fiercely unfolding theological controversy within the Protestant movement.

After a stay in Tübingen, the education continued in France. Count Philip Louis I arrived in Paris in 1572. Here, he came into contact with Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, the leader of Huguenots. He narrowly escaped the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre and returned to Buchsweiler (now called Bouxwiller), the capital of the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg.

He continued his studies at the University of Basel, from where he also took excursions further into Switzerland. In 1573, he travelled to Italy and visited in the numerous places in northern Italy before reaching his destination, the University of Padua. He then continued to study in Rome. The return journey took him to Vienna in 1574. This educational program was quite extraordinary for a count.

Family

Count Philip Louis I married Countess Magdalena of Waldeck (1558–1599). Sources differ on the exact date of the wedding: 2 February 1576,[2] or 5 February[3] or 6 February.[4] His guardian opposed the marriage, because Magdalena was of lower rank than the Counts of Hanau,[5] and her family held lands in Hesse and Cologne. He would have preferred a bride from a family closer to Hanau. He may have married her out of true love, or to counter the political dominance of Nassau over Hanau.[5]

Philip and Magdalena had four children together:

  1. Philip Louis II (1576–1612)
  2. Juliane (born: 13 October 1577; died: 2 December 1577), buried in the choir of the St. Mary's Church in Hanau
  3. William (born: 26 August 1578; died: 14 June 1579), also buried in the choir of the St. Mary's Church in Hanau
  4. Albert of Hanau-Münzenberg Schwarzenfels (1579–1635)

Government

On 13 November 1562 Emperor Ferdinand I passed the residence of Hanau on his way to the coronation of his son Maximilian II on 24 November 1562 in Frankfurt. Ferdinand was welcomed at court and Philip Louis and Ferdinand went hunting together.

In 1563, a consistory was founded in Hanau, so that the Reformation was institutionalized administratively. The consistory was initially a department of the count's Chancery. Under his son, count Philip Louis II, however, the authority of the church was legally separated as an independent institution in 1612.

In 1571, the Statutes of Solms were published, codifying the law as it stood in the County of Solms. This work had been commissioned by the Counts of Solms. Since the law in neighbouring territories was very similar, the work spread quickly in the area of the Wetterau College of Imperial Counts. Local differences from the Solms statute were published as local notices.[6] In the county of Hanau-Münzenberg this law code collection was used from 1581 (if not earlier) until the introduction of the Civil Code on 1 January 1900.

Count Philip Louis I ruled the county autonomously from 1575. His government is characterized by careful maneuvering among the various confessions and the imperial territories in pursuit of consolidation and the web of political relations in the Empire and in the Wetterau region. In 1578 the Lutheran Church Order of Hanau-Lichtenberg was introduced in Hanau-Münzenberg as well. In this issue, Count Philip Louis acted very carefully and did not follow, probably against his personal conviction, the more radical Calvinist model. His son and successor, Count Philip Louis II, later carried through the so-called "second Reformation", the turn towards Calvinism.

During Count Philip Louis I's reign, Hanau could finally definitively purchase the villages of Dorheim, Schwalheim and Rödgen and the former monasteries Konradsdorf and Hirzenhain and one third of the district of Ortenberg from the Count of Stolberg. These areas had previously been pledged to Hanau. He also purchased Ober-Eschbach, Nieder-Eschbach, Steinbach and Holzhausen.

Death

Count Philip Louis I died quite suddenly. He had complained about weakness and nausea for three or four days before his death, but even Philip Louis himself took it very seriously. He fainted unexpectedly between 4 and 5 PM and died soon after.[7]

He was buried in the choir of the St. Mary's Church in Hanau, on the right side, hence near the south wall of the choir, in the immediate vicinity of his father. A funeral sermon was published.[8] An epitaph was mounted above his grave, which was considered a major example of High Renaissance art. The epitaph was destroyed during World War II, a few surviving fragments are kept in the Historical Museum of Hanau. The location of the epitaph on the south wall is indicated by four empty brackets.

His widow, Countess Magdalene, née of Waldeck, remarried in 1581, with Count John VII of Nassau-Siegen.

Ancestors

References and sources

Footnotes

  1. ^ They enrolled on 9 September 1569, see: Heinrich Hermelink: Die Matrikeln der Universität Tübingen, vol. 1, Stuttgart, 1906, p. 497
  2. ^ Varnhagen, vol. 2, p. 70
  3. ^ Glawischnig
  4. ^ Dek, p. 232
  5. ^ a b see Menk, p. 154 ff, and G. Schmidt, p. 548
  6. ^ deviations for Hanau in: Kersting, p. 388
  7. ^ Hatstein
  8. ^ Melchior Weissenberger: Leichenpredigt, Frankfurt am Main, 1580, listed in: Titelblattkatalog der Leichenpredigten und sonstigen Trauerschriften in der Universitätsbibliothek Breslau, item #325365 in the database of the Forschungsstelle für Personalschriften at the University of Marburg
Philip Louis I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg
House of Hanau
Born: 21 November 1553 Died: 4 February 1580
Preceded by
Philip III		 Count of Hanau-Münzenberg
1561-1580		 Succeeded by
Philip Louis II