Peter Delyan

Peter II
Tsar of Bulgaria

Peter Delyan being nominated for Bulgarian Emperor from Bulgarian rebels.
Reign 1040–1041
Died 1041
Predecessor (Presian II (1018) and Byzantine rule)
Successor (Byzantine rule and Constantin Bodin as Peter III (1072))
Royal House (??Comitopuli??)
Father (??Gavril Radomir??)
Mother Marguerite of Hungary

Peter Delyan (reigned 1040–1041) (Bulgarian Петър Делян) was the leader of the local Bulgarian uprising against the Byzantine rule,[1] started in the Theme of Bulgaria during summer of 1040. He was proclaimed Tsar of Bulgaria, as Samuel`s grandson in Belgrade.[2] His original name may have been simply Delyan, in which case he assumed the name Peter II upon his accession, commemorating the sainted Emperor Peter I (Petăr I), who had died in 970. The year of his birth is uncertain, but probably not long after 1000, and before 1014; he probably died in 1041.

Contents

Origin

His origin is not clear. He claimed that he was son of emperor Gavril Radomir and grandson of Samuel of Bulgaria, but he could also be a some local who became leader of uprising and claimed to be Samuel's grandson to justify his proclamation as Tsar of Bulgaria.[3]

Delyan as Radomir's son

Those who believe he actually was Radomir's son, think that he was born from Radomir's marriage with Marguerite, sister of King Stephen I of Hungary (996/997). Peter's mother was expelled while pregnant from the Samuel's court before the accession of Gavril Radomir, but given Delyan's subsequent career, it is likely that he had been born and remained in Bulgaria with his father.[4]

After Ivan Vladislav's murder of Gavril Radomir in 1015 and the conquest of Bulgaria by the Byzantine Empire in 1018, Delyan was taken captive to Constantinople and became a servant of an unidentified member of the Byzantine aristocracy. He later escaped and went to his mother's country of Hungary, whence he returned to Bulgaria and raised a revolt against Byzantine rule, taking advantage of the discontent over the imposition of taxes in coin by the Byzantine government.

Delyan as local Bulgarian

Those who oppose the theory that he was Samuel's grandson and believe he was merely a local Bulgarian, claim that he was proclaimed as tsar in Belgrade not because it was the first border town between the Byzantine Empire and Hungary that he reached when he joined them as a prince of royal blood, but merely because it was the first important town that the rebels captured.

They also claim that it is highly unlikely that Ivan Vladislav who in 1015 murdered his cousin Gavril Radomir (Delyan's supposed father) and his current wife Maria to seize the throne, would not kill Radomir's son and heirs, if he had them, in order to secure himself. It is known that he also ordered killing of the Serbian prince of Duklja, Jovan Vladimir, who was Samuel's son-in-law (married to his daughter Theodora/Kosara), in case Vladimir was a threat to his position as Slavonic tsar.

Peter Delyan as leader of the Bulgarian uprising

Main article: Uprising of Petar Delyan

During the summer of 1040 in the theme of Bulgaria local people rebelled against the Byzantine Empire. There were two main causes:

  1. Replacing Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid with Greek (1037) and beginning of process of Hellenisation
  2. Imposition of taxes in coin for local people by the Byzantine government

The uprising spread and rebels very quickly took over control over northern part of Pomoravlje and liberated Belgrade. Leader of the rebellion Delyan was proclaimed emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria in Belgrade under the name Peter II by being raised atop a shield by leaders of the resistance, and perhaps enjoyed some support from Hungary.

Peter II Delyan took Niš and Skopje, first co-opting and then eliminating another potential leader in the person of one Tihomir, who had led a rebellion in the region of Durazzo. After this Peter II marched on Thessalonica, where the Byzantine Emperor Michael IV was staying. Michael fled, leaving his treasury to a certain Michael Ivac. The latter, who was probably a son of Ivac, a general under Samuel of Bulgaria, promptly turned over the bulk of the treasury to Peter outside the city. Thessalonica remained in Byzantine hands, but Macedonia, Durazzo, and parts of northern Greece were taken by Peter II's forces. This inspired further Slavic revolts against Byzantine rule in Epirus and Albania.

Peter II Delyan's successes ended, however, with the interference of his cousin Alusian. Alusian, whose father Ivan Vladislav had murdered Peter's father Gavril Radomir in 1015, joined Peter II's ranks as an apparent deserter from the Byzantine court, where he had been disgraced. Alusian was welcomed by Peter II, who gave him an army with which to attack Thessalonica. The siege, however, was raised by the Byzantines, and the army was defeated. Alusian barely escaped and returned to Ostrovo.

In 1041, one night during dinner, while Delyan was drunk, Alusian cut off his nose and blinded him with a kitchen knife. Since Alusian was of the blood of Samuel of Bulgaria, he was quickly proclaimed emperor in Peter II's place by his troops, but he conspired to defect to the Byzantines. As the Bulgarian and Byzantine troops were preparing for battle, Alusian deserted to the enemy and headed for Constantinople, where his possessions and lands were restored to him, and he was rewarded with the high court rank of magistros.

Meanwhile, though blind, Peter II Delyan resumed command of the Bulgarian forces, but the Byzantine Emperor Michael IV determined to take advantage of the situation and advanced against them. In an obscure battle of Ostrovo, the Byzantines defeated the Bulgarian troops and Peter II Delyan was captured and taken to Constantinople, where he was perhaps executed. According some legends he was blinded and later exiled in a monastery in Iskar gorge in Balkan Mountains where he died.

Norse sagas refer to the participation of the future Norwegian King Harald Hardråda, who allegedly cut down Peter II in the field of battle as a member of the Varangian Guard. This tradition may be supported by a laconic reference in the so-called "Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle". In either case, Peter II Delyan might have perished in 1041.

Family tree

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Comita
Nikola
 
 
 
 Ripsimia
of Armenia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aron
 
 Moses
 
 David
 
 Samuil
of Bulgaria
 
 
 
 Agatha
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ivan
Vladislav
 
 Theodora
Kosara
 
 Miroslava
 
 Eirene of Larissa
 
 
 
 Gavril
Radomir
 
 
 
 Hungarian
princess
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 several sons
& daughters
 
 
 
 Peter Delyan

Honour

Delyan Point on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Peter Delyan.

See also

References

External links

Notes

  1. ^ A world history of tax rebellions: an encyclopedia of tax rebels, revolts, and riots from antiquity to the present, David F. Burg, Taylor & Francis, 2004, ISBN 0415924987, pp. 74-75.
  2. ^ Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, pp. 282-283.
  3. ^ The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: their medieval origins. Alexandru Madgearu, Martin Gordon, Publisher Scarecrow Press, 2008, ISBN 0810858460, pp. 63-66.
  4. ^ Fine J.V.A.The Early Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1983
Preceded by
Presian II (1018) and Byzantine Rule		 Emperor of Bulgaria
1040–1041		 Succeeded by
Byzantine Rule and Constantin Bodin as Peter III (1072)