Nickname(s) | La Blanquirroja La Rojiblanca (The White and Red One) |
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Association | Peruvian Football Federation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Confederation | CONMEBOL (South America) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Head coach | Sergio Markarián | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Captain | Claudio Pizarro | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Most caps | Roberto Palacios (122) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Top scorer | Teófilo Cubillas (26)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Home stadium | Estadio Nacional | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FIFA code | PER | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FIFA ranking | 35[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Highest FIFA ranking | 25 (July 2011) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lowest FIFA ranking | 91 (September 2009) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elo ranking | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Highest Elo ranking | 12 (June 1978) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lowest Elo ranking | 75 (May 1994) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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First international | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Peru 0–4 Uruguay (Lima, Peru; November 1, 1927) |
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Biggest win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Peru 9–1 Ecuador (Bogotá, Colombia; August 11, 1938) |
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Biggest defeat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Brazil 7–0 Peru (Santa Cruz, Bolivia; June 26, 1997) |
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World Cup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 4 (First in 1930) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Quarter Finals, 1970 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Copa América | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 34 (First in 1927) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Winners, 1939 and 1975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CONCACAF Gold Cup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 1 (First in 2000) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Third (shared), 2000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Honours
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The Peru national football team, known as 'el equipo inca', represents Peru in international football competition and is managed by the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF). The team competes against the other nine members of FIFA's CONMEBOL conference, which encompasses the countries of South America. The traditional colors of the team are white and red, the colors of the Peruvian flag, and the team is commonly known as la Blanquirroja (Spanish for "the white-and-red").[3]
Founded in 1927, the team plays its home matches primarily at the Estadio Nacional in Lima. The team's players' ethnicities reflect of the multicultural society of Peru.[4] Peru has won the Copa América twice, and qualified for four FIFA World Cup tournaments. It has also qualified for two Olympic tournaments where it reached the quarter final stages. Peru's traditional footballing rival is Chile,[5] but the team also has a prominent rivalry with Colombia.
The Peruvian team's performance has been inconsistent, although it is considered to have enjoyed two successful periods in the 1930s and 1970s.[6] Early in its history, Peru participated in World Cup tournaments and enjoyed victories in the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 Copa América, when it was led by Teodoro Fernández, Juan Valdivieso and Alejandro Villanueva .[6] Its 1950s side, which included Alberto Terry and Valeriano López, was considered to be among the top 20 strongest footballing nations of the decade, despite not winning any major tournaments.[7] Peruvian football's successful period in the 1970s brought Peru back to world recognition, with players such as Héctor Chumpitaz, Hugo Sotil, and Teófilo Cubillas.[2][8] This team qualified for three FIFA World Cups and won the Copa América in 1975.
Peru's 1982 World Cup participation was its last to date: the national team has not since won a major tournament or participated in a World Cup tournament. The team was temporarily suspended from international participation by FIFA in late 2008 due to allegations of corruption involving government sport authorities and the FPF. Peru has currently appointed Uruguayan Sergio Markarián as its head coach and, after achieving third place at the 2011 Copa America, hopes to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
Contents |
Football fhg brought to Peru by English sailors in the late 19th century during their frequent visits to Callao, then an important Pacific Ocean port.[9] During their free time, English sailors played football and invited the local Chalacos (people from Callao) to participate. It is thought that during these early games, the move known as the chalaca (short for "Chalacan Strike"), or bicycle kick, originated.[10] By the 1890s, British sporting clubs in Lima such as Lima Cricket and Lawn Tennis were already playing football.[11] Football became popular in Peru because it was played by British residents and by Peruvians returning from England.[12]
The growing sports rivalry between foreign visitors and local Chalacos soon gained the attention of Peruvians beyond the port.[12] Before the formation of the first clubs and leagues in the early 20th century, football was not an organized sport.[13][14] In the 1900s, the construction of the Panama Canal limited the quantity of foreign sailors and travelers visiting Callao, minimizing the port's influence as a center of cultural diffusion.[15] By then, football clubs and leagues had been formed in other Peruvian cities, including Lima, Cusco, and Arequipa.[16] Peru's most important amateur league, the capital province's "Peruvian Football League," housed the growing rivalry between Callao clubs and those from nearby Lima.[11][17] The lack of a centralized organization led to constant conflicts between the teams, and one such conflict resulted in the creation of the Peruvian Football Federation (PFF) in 1922, and a Peruvian Football League tournament, which was regulated by the PFF, in 1926.[18]
The Peruvian Football Federation joined CONMEBOL in 1925, but internal and economic problems prevented the creation of a national team.[19] In 1922, an unofficial national team played against an Uruguayan team sponsored by the Uruguayan Football Association.[19] Talented Peruvian football players gained international recognition for their skills, which inspired Peruvian clubs to tour throughout South America to places.[20] Thanks to significant numbers of British residents in Peru, the acceptance of the game by the local elites, and the rapid development of the sport among the urban poor of La Victoria district in Lima, Peru formed the strongest footballing culture in the Andean region at this time.[11]
In 1927, the Peruvian national football team was officially created.[19] The team hosted the 1927 South American Championship, and Peru reached third place after losing to Uruguay by 4–0 in their debut match, defeating Bolivia 3–2, and losing to Argentina 1–5.[21] However, because of internal corruption and the Great Depression, the team that played in the 1929 edition was selected by social favoritism rather than player skill, and lost all its games.[22] A year later, the Peruvian team, known colloquially as la Blanquirroja (The White and Red One), was invited to participate in the first World Cup in Uruguay.[23]
The 1930s is considered to be the first golden era of Peruvian football.[6] At the inaugural 1930 FIFA World Cup, the Peruvian team failed to progress beyond the group stages, despite which the Uruguayan audience was surprised by the Peruvians' level of skill.[24] Between 1933 and 1934, the national squad, composed mainly of players from Universitario de Deportes, Alianza Lima, and Atletico Chalaco, united with the Chilean squad to form the Combinado del Pacifico, called by European media the "Peru-Chile XI" and "All-Pacific".[25] This team toured England, Germany, France, and Spain until August 1935. Teodoro Fernandez became the team's top goal scorer with 48 goals in 39 games.[26]
Peru was the only South American football team to compete in the 1936 Berlin Olympics.[6] The team began the tournament well, defeating Finland 7–3. Players for Peru included Teodoro Fernández, Alejandro Villanueva, Juan Valdivieso, and Adelfo Magallanes.[27] The IFFHS considers this Peruvian side to have been "...a technically excellent and strong attacking side" that had "...everything to be a finalist."[28] The Peruvians eliminated the Austrian Wunderteam, favorites to win the tournament, defeating them 4–2 in extra time. After the game, the Austrian team alleged that the Peruvian players had manhandled them, and that Peruvian spectators, one brandishing a revolver, had invaded the pitch during overtime.[29] However, Peru - the away team - had few supporters, and the nationalities or identities of the spectators who entered the field during the regular time were never discovered.[30] Despite the lack of concrete evidence, the International Olympic Committee, presided by Jules Rimet,[31] nullified the result and ordered a re-match behind closed doors, and the Peruvian and Colombian delegations forfeited the games in protest.[29] The story was told differently by European and South American media; the exact details of the incident remain unknown.[27] Nowadays, the IFFHS is the only international football organization to condemn the actions taken against Peru in the tournament.[31]
In 1938, Peru won its first international title at the first Bolivarian Games, defeating Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.[32] In 1939, Peru won its first South American Championship (known later as the Copa América). The Peruvians defeated the Uruguayan team by 2–1 in the final,[33] after eliminating Ecuador, Chile and Paraguay. Peru became the fourth nation to become South American champions, after Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil.
By 1941, Peru's squad was failing to win matches.[34] In the same year, Peru and Argentina played a three-game series for the Copa Roque Saenz Peña in Lima, and Peru drew twice and lost the third match 3–0.[35] The national squad's diminishing effectiveness was most apparent during the South American Championships of the 1940s,[36] where the team's most positive performances came from goalkeeper José Soriano.[37] Peru would not win another international title until 1947, when the side won the Bolivarian Games.[32] Peru gained third place at the 1949 South American Championship, held in Brazil, after defeating Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Uruguay.[38]
By the 1950s, Peru had again become more successful in South American football, ranking among the top 20 strongest football nations of the decade.[7] In the Pan-American Championship of 1952 the Peruvians defeated Panama and Mexico, tied with Brazil and lost to Chile and Uruguay in close matches.[36] Players such as Alberto Terry, Guillermo Barbadillo, Valeriano López, Félix Castillo, and Óscar Gómez Sánchez contributed to Peru's competitive play throughout the 1950s. During 1953 and 1954, Peru won its only two titles of the decade, twice winning the Copa del Pacífico (Pacific Cup), a trophy disputed between Chile and Peru every time the two sides play.[36] In the 1955 South American Championship, Peru's national squad's campaign gained third place.[39] However, he team fared poorly at the Pan-American Championship held in Mexico, and the South American Championship in Montevideo.[36] The team made a slight recovery as the decade closed, reaching fourth place at the 1957 and 1959 South American Championships, and defeating England 4–1 in an exhibition match.[36][40][41]
During the 1960s, Peru won the Bolivarian Games in Barranquilla and qualified for the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.[32] However, these would be Peru's only achievements that decade; the team did not gain a top four ranking in the 1963 South American Championship, did not qualify for the Chile and England World Cups, and was unable to regain the Copa del Pacífico.
Peru's second golden generation period started in late 1969, when the squad qualified for the Mexico 1970 World Cup. The goals of "Cachito" Ramírez led to a draw with Argentina at a game popularly called La Bombonera in reference to the Alberto J. Armando stadium, the game's venue.[42] The squad, managed by "Didi" Pereira, followed a 4–2–4 formation that typically comprised José Fernández, Orlando de la Torre, Héctor Chumpitaz, and Nicolás Fuentes as the defenders; Ramón Mifflin and Roberto Challe as midfielders; Julio Baylón, Pedro Pablo León, Teófilo Cubillas, and Alberto Gallardo as forwards and Luis Rubiños as the goalkeeper.[43]
During Peru's participation in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, the squad reached the quarterfinals, defeating Bulgaria 3–2 and Morocco 3–0, and losing 3–1 to Germany.[8][36] Although Peru lost the quarterfinal game to Brazil by 4–2, Peru won the Copa del Pacífico, were invited to participate in the Brazil Independence Cup, and won the Copa Mariscal Sucre.[36] The squad also won their second Copa America in 1975.[44]
In 1978, Peru again qualified for the World Cup. The squad, led by Marcos Calderón, had a different (4–4–2) formation from the early 70s structure. Jaime Duarte, Héctor Chumpitaz, Rubén Díaz, and Germán Leguía were defenders; César Cueto, Percy Rojas, Teófilo Cubillas, and José Velásquez played at midfield; Juan José Muñante, Juan Carlos Oblitas, Guillermo La Rosa, and Hugo Sotil were the attackers and Ramón Quiroga the goalkeeper.[45]
Before the World Cup, the national squad defeated China and Hungary.[36] Peru reached the World Cup finals, coming top of their group after defeating Scotland (3–1), tying with the Netherlands (0–0) and defeating Iran (4–1).[45] However, in the second round, Peru came last in their group, losing to Brazil (0–3), Poland (0–1), and to Argentina (0–6) in a controversial match that prompted allegations of fixing by Argentina's military junta.[45][46] After the tournament, the squad played some international friendly matches to prepare for the Copa America of 1979; it drew against Scotland at Glasgow (1–1) and defeated Uruguay in Lima (2–0), in which Peru were eliminated by Chile in the semifinals.
Peru successfully qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, defeating Uruguay - the Mundialito winners - and Colombia.[47] Under the direction of Tim, Peru won the Pacific Cup and led a European and African tour in which Peru defeated Hungary (2–1), France (1–0), tied Algeria (1–1), and upon their return to Peru, defeated Romania (2–0).[36] Tim's squad was composed of a 4–4–2 formation with Jaime Duarte, Rubén Toribio Díaz, Salvador Salguero, and Jorge Olaechea in defense; César Cueto, José Velásquez, Julio César Uribe, and Teófilo Cubillas in midfield; Gerónimo Barbadillo and Juan Carlos Oblitas as forwards and Ramón Quiroga as goalkeeper.[48] In the 1982 World Cup, hosted by Spain, Peru tied with Cameroon and Italy, and lost 5–1 against Poland.[48] Peru's elimination marked the end of a period when the team's "...flowing football was admired across the globe."[49]
Peru did not qualify for the 1986 World Cup, requiring a victory against Argentina in order to directly qualify, but drew their match against Argentina, led by Diego Maradona. Peru lost a play-off match against Chile. Also in 1986, Peru were invited to participate in its first Asian tournament, the Nehru Cup, held in India. In the 1987 Copa América, which inaugurated that tournament's alphabetical host rotation system, Peru did not progress past the first round, despite drawing against hosts Argentina (1–1) and Ecuador (1–1).
On December 8, 1987, an aircraft carrying Alianza Lima's team and coaching staff crashed into the Pacific Ocean. Several victims were national team members. Midfielder José Casanova, goalkeeper José González Ganoza, forwards Luis Escobar and Alfredo Tomassini and coach Marcos Calderón were killed.[50] Nonetheless, in 1989 Peru attained second and third places in the Marlboro Cup (soccer) and the Copa Centenario de Armenia 1989 (in Armenia, Colombia), respectively.[51][52] Peru won two games (5–1 against Venezuela in 1991, and 1–0 against Chile in 1993) in the next four Copa América editions. Moreover, the squad did not win any games in the 1990 and 1994 World Cup qualifiers, ending up last in both of their groups.
Peru's situation improved as the team attained fourth place at the 1997 Copa América, third place at the 1997 U.S. Cup,[53] and in 1998, in the newly implemented round-robin tournament, but did not qualify for the World Cup tournament due to their goal difference with Chile.[54] In 1999, the team won their first Kirin Cup in Japan, and won it again in 2005. In 2000, the team competed in the CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament with Colombia and South Korea,[55] and earned third place in the North American competition.[56]Peru reached eight place in the 2002 and 2006 Gold Cup competitions, and the quarterfinals in the 1999, 2001, 2004, and 2007 Copa América competitions.
In 2007, Peru's under 17 squad surprised the nation, qualifying and reaching the quarterfinals of the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Having been charged with corruption, Peruvian Football Federation (FPF) president Manuel Burga's re-election was made illegal by the Peruvian government and in November 2008, FIFA suspended several FPF and Peruvian Football League officials and referees. The national team was barred from participating in international competitions after allegations were made of irregularities between the FPF, the Peruvian Institute of Sports (IPD), and the Peruvian government.[57] After IPD president Arturo Woodman agreed to discuss matters and reach an agreement with the FPF, FIFA President Sepp Blatter lifted the bans and restrictions.[58] The incident prevented Peru from hosting the 2009 South American Youth Championship, which was held instead in Venezuela. With FIFA's approval, the FPF later reappointed Burga.[59]
During the 2010 qualification season, concerns over corruption and indiscipline affected the national team after Peruvian journalists Jaime Bayly and Magaly Medina revealed that a series of Peru's best-known football players, including Claudio Pizarro, Andrés Mendoza, Santiago Acasiete, Paolo Guerrero, and Jefferson Farfán, were seen at nightclubs and parties days before the team's qualifier matches. Some players were banned from playing for the national team while others were put under investigation.[60][61] The national team languished at the bottom of the South American qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup.[62]
Peru did not qualify for the 2010 World Cup, being eliminated early in the competition, and were the first CONMEBOL squad eliminated from the finals. The Peruvian sports press called the 2010 squad "Los Hijos de Burga" (the "Sons of Burga"), in reference to the FPF's president, who was criticized for Peru's poor performance in their qualifying campaign. The press called the squad the worst in the national team's 82-year history and called for Burga's resignation.[63][64][65] After the qualifying phase of the competition, Juan Manuel Vargas and Nolberto Solano, who retired from the team, expressed their hopes that the national squad's fortunes would improve.[66][67] The team finished last in the qualifying tournament, winning 3 matches and gaining 13 points. In the August 2009 FIFA World Rankings, Peru reached spot 91, its lowest to 2010.
On July 2, 2010, Uruguayan Sergio Markarián took charge of the national team tasked with leading Peru in the 2011 Copa América and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[68] His work with the squad received positive comments from Pelé,[69] and Peru won the Kirin Cup for a third time.[70] Markarián's first challenge was another indiscipline scandal; Markarián temporarily banned Jefferson Farfán, Reimond Manco, and John Galliquio.[71] Peru achieved third place at the 2011 Copa América, even though several of the team's key players were unavailable because of injuries.[72]
Peru has played at four FIFA World Cup finals, the first in 1930 and the last in 1982.[73] Luis de Souza Ferreira scored Peru's first World Cup goal in the 1930 match against Romania.[74] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top World Cup scorer with 10 goals in two competitions. Four managers have led Peru in the competition: Spaniard Francisco Bru (1930),[75] Brazilians Valdir Pereira (1970) and Elba de Pádua Lima (1982),[76][77] and Peruvian Marcos Calderón (1978).[78] Pereira's 1970 squad reached the quarter-finals; the team's furthest progression in the World Cup.
In 1930, Peru were eliminated in the group stage after losing to Romania (1–3) and Uruguay (0–1). During the match against Romania, Peru's Plácido Galindo became the first player to be sent off during a World Cup.[79] In 1969, Peru lost 1–2 to Bolivia in the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, after which the referee, Sergio Chechelev, admitted Argentina paid him to fix the game in Bolivia's favor.[80] Peru qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup, drawing 2–2 against Argentina, preventing Argentina's World Cup qualification for the first time.[81] The 1970 team led by "Didi" Pereira beat Bulgaria 3–2 after trailing 0–2 at half-time,[82] beat Morocco (3–0), lost to Germany (1–3) and were eliminated by Brazil (2–4) in the quarterfinals.[83][84]
Peru qualified for the 1978 cup held in Argentina, and was placed in Group 4, becoming group leader after defeating Scotland (3–1) and Iran (4–1),[85][86] and drawing with the Netherlands (0–0).[87][88] In the second round, rumors circulated that Peru had been paid by the Argentine military government to play poorly and concede the goals Argentina needed to reach the final; it was further rumored that the Peruvian goalkeeper, Ramón Quiroga, who was born in Argentina. None of the allegations could be proven, and Argentina won the tournament.[89] Before the Spain 1982 World Cup came, the Peruvian squad embarked upon a successful practice tour in Europe and Africa,[36] but were eliminated after drawing against Cameroon (0–0) and Italy (1–1) and defeated by Poland (5–1).[90]
FIFA World Cup record | ||||||||
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Year | Round | Position | GP | W | D* | L | GS | GA |
1930 | Group Stage | 10th | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
1934 | Withdrew | |||||||
1938 | Did Not Enter | |||||||
1950 | Withdrew | |||||||
1954 | ||||||||
1958 | Did Not Qualify | |||||||
1962 | ||||||||
1966 | ||||||||
1970 | Quarter-Final | 7th | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 9 |
1974 | Did Not Qualify | |||||||
1978 | Second Group Stage | 8th | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 12 |
1982 | Group Stage | 20th | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
1986 | Did Not Qualify | |||||||
1990 | ||||||||
1994 | ||||||||
1998 | ||||||||
2002 | ||||||||
2006 | ||||||||
2010 | ||||||||
2014 | To Be Determined | |||||||
2018 | ||||||||
2022 | ||||||||
Total | Quarter-Final | 4/19 | 15 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 19 | 31 |
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After joining CONMEBOL in 1925, Peru hosted the Copa América in 1927, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1957, 2004; and won it in 1939 and 1975. Demetrio Neyra scored the national team's first goal in the 1927 edition held in Lima.[91] Peru's team boasted three players who scored the largest quantity of goals in the tournament, Teodoro Fernández (7 goals, 1939), Eduardo Malásquez (3 goals, 1983) and Paolo Guerrero (5 goals, 2011).[92] Teodoro Fernández in 1939 and 1941, Miguel Loayza in 1959 and Paolo Guerrero in 2011 scored hat-tricks in the competition.[93] Two managers have led Peru to tournament victories, Englishman Jack Greenwell (1939) and Peruvian Marcos Calderón (1975).
In 1939 Peru achieved its first Copa América title, defeating Ecuador 5–2, Chile 3–1, and Paraguay 3–0 to reach the final. With players Teodoro Fernández and Jorge Alcalde, Peru defeated Uruguay in the final by 2–1.[94] Peru became the fourth nation, after Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil, to win the Copa América.
In 1975, Peru won the first Copa América held without a fixed venue, defeating Chile and Bolivia in the group stages, Brazil at the Mineirão by 3–1 with the goals of Enrique Casaretto and Teófilo Cubillas in the semifinals. After being randomly chosen in a CONMEBOL-sponsored lottery, ordered after Brazil defeated Peru in Lima by 0–2, thus equalizing in the amount of points, between it and Brazil,[95] Peru defeated Colombia in two of three games played for the final. The squad lost the first leg of the final played in Colombia, but won the second match in Lima and a final match at Caracas. Peru's goals were scored by Juan Carlos Oblitas, Oswaldo Ramírez, and Hugo Sotil.[95]
Peru's highest non-winning place in the tournament is third, which it achieved five times; two at home in1927 and 1935, one in Brazil in 1949, one in Chile in 1955, and in Argentina in 2011. When the tournaments were once again hosted by individual countries, Peru's best performance was a third place obtained in 2011 after defeating Venezuela 4–1. In 2011, Peru also obtained five LG Corp. Player of the Game awards, twice for Paolo Guerrero and Juan Manuel Vargas, and once for William Chiroque, the most awarded to a national team in the tournament.
Copa America/South American Championship | |||||||
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Total: 2 Titles | |||||||
Year | Position | Year | Position | Year | Position | ||
1916–1926 | Absent | 1949 | Third Place | 1987 | Round 1 | ||
1927 | Third Place | 1953 | Fifth Place | 1989 | Round 1 | ||
1929 | Fourth Place | 1955 | Third Place | 1991 | Round 1 | ||
1935 | Third Place | 1956 | Sixth Place | 1993 | Quarterfinals | ||
1937 | Sixth place | 1957 | Fourth Place | 1995 | Round 1 | ||
1939 | Winners | 1959 | Fourth Place | 1997 | Fourth Place | ||
1941 | Fourth Place | 1963 | Fifth place | 1999 | Quarterfinals | ||
1942 | Fifth place | 1967 | Withdrew | 2001 | Quarterfinals | ||
1945 | Withdrew | 1975 | Winners | 2004 | Quarterfinals | ||
1946 | Withdrew | 1979 | Semifinals | 2007 | Quarterfinals | ||
1947 | Fifth Place | 1983 | Semifinals | 2011 | Third Place |
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The Estadio Nacional (National Stadium), also known as the Coloso de José Díaz, is a 45,000-spectator stadium located in Lima that is used as the traditional home of the Peruvian team and the National Stadium of Peru.[97] The stadium, a gift from England, opened on July 18, 1897, as the Estadio Guadalupe.[98][99] The Peruvian Football League, which later became the Peruvian Football Federation, used it to host Peru's first official football tournaments. In 1921, as part of President Augusto B. Leguía's embellecimiento (beautification) program, the stadium was renovated and renamed the Estadio Nacional de Peru.[99] During the regime of General Manuel Odría, the stadium was reconstructed and officially re-inaugurated on October 27, 1952.[100] Under the government of Alan García, the stadium was renovated and re-inaugurated on July 24, 2011.[97]
In preparation for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, artificial turf was installed to improve the stadium's aesthetic appeal; the surface was left in place after the tournament. In 2005, the stadium was one of Peru's four "Star II" stadia, the highest certification granted to artificial pitches.[101] Nonetheless, the surface was criticized by Peruvian First Division clubs, due to player injuries.[102] In 2011, the artificial tuirf was removed during the stadium's renovation.. A modern exterior and interior multi-colored illumination system, which complies with FIFA's norms for high-definition transmissions, two giant LED screens, individual spectator seats and 375 private suites have also been fitted.[96][97]
The national team occasionally uses other stadia as its home venue. The thin atmosphere at the high-altitude Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega in Cusco and the balmy Amazonic climate of the Estadio Max Augustín in Iquitos provide strategic advantages.[103] Other stadia in Lima, such as Alianza Lima's Estadio Alejandro Villanueva, are used to allow certain communities to access the team's matches more easily. [104] During the 2010 World Cup qualifiers, Universitario's Estadio Monumental "U" was often selected for home matches due to controversy over the National Stadium's playing surface.[102]
Peru's national colors are red and white.[105] The team's first uniform was made for the 1927 South American Championship; it consisted of white shorts and a shirt with vertical stripes. For the 1930 FIFA World Cup, an all-white kit with a red collar was chosen. A third uniform was made for the 1935 South American Championship; a horizontal red stripe was added. Peru's current uniform was designed for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics; a red stripe crosses the chest diagonally from the left shoulder to the hip's right.[3] In 2010, the ESPN television network named Peru's 1978 FIFA World Cup jersey as the best ever World Cup jersey, praising its simple design.[106]
Peru's uniform has been manufactured by eight separate companies. In 1978, Adidas became the first official manufacturer. During the 1980s, Peru had contracts with Brazilian company Penalty (1981–1982), Adidas (1983–1985), two deals with Calvo Sportwear (1987) and Power (1989–1991). In the 1990s, Peru contracted with Diadora (1991–1992), local manufacturer Polmer (1993–1995) and Umbro (1996–1997). It also had a long-term contract with local company Walon Sport (1998–2010). Among other designs, Walon produced the 1998 version with folkloric designs and the 2003 version that was similar to the Adidas kits.[3] From July 2010, Umbro has produced the kits for Peru. The new uniform was presented on September 4, 2010, in the friendly against Canada.[107]
The Peruvian team has regional rivalries with Chile and Ecuador. Territorial, maritime, and cultural disputes have led to a large football rivalry between Chile and Peru since the ending of the War of the Pacific. Both nations dispute the origin of the football move known as the bicycle kick, which Chileans claim they invented in 1914 while Peruvians claim it was invented in Peru during the late 19th century.[10][108] Matches between Chile and Peru, considered by CNN (Cable News Network) to be among the top ten rivalries in the world,[108] have been nicknamed Clásico del Pacífico (Derby of the Pacific). A trophy named the Copa del Pacífico (Cup of the Pacific) is awarded whenever Chile and Peru play against each other.[5][36] Peru's rivalry with Ecuador, derived from historical border conflicts, is not as large as that with Chile, but is of competitive importance to both nations.[109]
The following players were selected for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL) against Ecuador on November 15, 2011. [110]
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Since the creation of the national team in 1927, several coaches have been in charge of managing Peru. The first coach, Uruguayan Pedro Olivieri, was appointed for the 1927 South American Championship held in Peru. During the 1930 World Cup, Spaniard Francisco Bru appointed manager.[75] Peru's squad was coached by English Jack Greenwell when it won its first two international titles, the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 South American Championship.
Brazilian Valdir Pereira, Peruvian Marcos Calderón, and Brazilian Elba de Pádua Lima led Peru in the World Cups of 1970, 1978, and 1982 respectively.[76][77][78] Both Pereira and Calderón progressed past the first round of the competition, but to date, Pereira's quarterfinal finish is the farthest Peru has progressed in the World Cup. Calderón managed Peru in its 1975 Copa América victory. Other tournament winning coaches were Colombian Francisco Maturana and Peruvian Freddy Ternero, who both led the team to victories in the Kirin Cup in 1999 and 2005 respectively.
Statistically, the most successful manager was Jack Greenwell, who won all eight games in which he took charge. Discounting managers who took charge in ten or fewer games, the least successful manager was Brazilian José Macia, with two wins in 23 games. In 2010, Uruguayan Sergio Markarián, was appointed to replace José del Solar. to lead Peru in the 2011 Copa America and the 2014 FIFA World Cup CONMEBOL qualifiers.
These are the latest 10 managers of the national football team, for a complete list please visit the main article:
Name | Peru career | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | Win % | Achievements |
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Freddy Ternero | 1997 Copa America | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 50.00 | 1997 Copa America – Fourth Place |
Juan Carlos Oblitas | 1996–1999 | 38 | 16 | 9 | 13 | 42.10 | 1997 U.S. Cup – Third Place |
Francisco Maturana | 1999–2000 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 28.57 | 2000 Gold Cup – Third Place |
Julio César Uribe | 2000–2002 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 20.00 | 0 |
Paulo Autuori | 2003–2005 | 31 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 29.03 | 0 |
Freddy Ternero | 2005–2006 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 37.50 | 2005 Kirin Cup – Champions |
Franco Navarro | 2006 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0.00 | 0 |
Julio César Uribe | 2007 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 28.57 | 0 |
José del Solar | 2007–2009 | 28 | 6 | 6 | 16 | 21.43 | 0 |
Sergio Markarián | 2010–present | 22 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 50.00 | 2011 Kirin Cup – Champions 2011 Copa America – Third Place |
Total Games Played: 176 | 56 | 46 | 74 | 31.03 |
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According to CONMEBOL, Peruvian teams play with much technique and elegance, generally making them one of the finest exponents of South American football.[114] Peru has a good performance record against Asian, African, Caribbean, and Central American teams. [115] The highest scoring victory achieved by the Peruvian squad is a 9–1 score against Ecuador in the inaugural Bolivarian Games. The team's biggest defeat occurred in the 1997 Copa América, when Brazil defeated Peru by 7–0.[36] Peru was the first team to receive a FIFA Fair Play Trophy, awarded in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Peru being the only team that received no yellow or red cards in their games.[116]
Roberto Palacios has the most appearances with the national team, having played 122 times between 1992 and 2007. Héctor Chumpitaz, with 105 appearances is second and Jorge Soto, with 101 appearances is third. For goalkeepers, Oscar Ibañez holds the most appearances with 50 caps, followed by Miguel Miranda (47 caps) and Ramón Quiroga (40 caps).[117] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top goalscorer with 26 goals in 81 appearances. Teodoro Fernández is second, but holds a higher goal per appearance average with 24 goals in 32 appearances. In third place is Nolberto Solano, who has 20 goals in 89 appearances.[117] Claudio Pizarro scored Peru's fastest goal during a match against Mexico on August 20, 2003; Pizarro also scored the second fastest goal and Luis Ramírez the third.[118]
Alejandro Villanueva, Teodoro Fernández, and Juan Valdivieso were part of the Combinado del Pacífico that toured Europe from 1933 to 1934 and ended with 13 games won, 13 tied, and 13 lost; Fernández was top scorer with 48 goals.[25] Hugo Sotil, Héctor Chumpitaz, and Teófilo Cubillas were selected from the Peruvian football team to join the starting line-up of the South America XI that played against the Europe XI in 1973 at the Nou Camp of FC Barcelona. Sotil scored South America's second goal, and Chumpitaz's goal evened the score (4–4); South America beat Europe 7–6 in the penalty rounds.[119]
Peru has played 525 official matches, including friendlies, since 1927. Notable matches were the surprising 4–1 victory over England and the disqualification from the 1936 Summer Olympics after defeating Austria 4–2.[36]
Achievements | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by Inaugural Champions |
Bolivarian Champions 1938 (First title) 1947–48 (Second title) |
Succeeded by 1951 Colombia |
Preceded by 1937 Argentina |
South American Champions 1939 (First title) |
Succeeded by 1941 Argentina |
Preceded by 1951 Colombia |
Bolivarian Champions 1961 (Third title) |
Succeeded by 1965 Ecuador |
Preceded by 1970 Bolivia |
Bolivarian Champions 1973 (Fourth title) |
Succeeded by 1977 Bolivia |
Preceded by 1967 Uruguay |
South American Champions 1975 (Second title) |
Succeeded by 1979 Paraguay |
Preceded by 1977 Bolivia |
Bolivarian Champions 1981 (Fifth title) |
Succeeded by U-20 Tournaments |
Preceded by 1998 Japan |
Kirin Cup Champions 1999 (First title, shared) |
Succeeded by 2000 Slovakia |
Preceded by 2004 Japan |
Kirin Cup Champions 2005 (Second title, shared) |
Succeeded by 2006 Scotland |
Preceded by 2009 Japan |
Kirin Cup Champions 2011 (Third title, shared) |
Succeeded by Current holders |
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