| Perm (English) Пермь (Russian) Перем (Komi-Permyak) |
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View of Perm |
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Location of Perm Krai in Russia |
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Perm
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| City Day | June 12 |
| Administrative status | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Perm Krai |
| Administrative center of | Perm Krai, Permsky District |
| Municipal status | |
| Urban okrug | Perm Urban Okrug |
| Administrative center of | Perm Urban Okrug |
| City Head | Igor Shubin |
| Representative body | City Duma |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 799.68 km2 (308.76 sq mi) |
| Population (2010 Census, preliminary) |
991,530 inhabitants[1] |
| - Rank in 2010 | 13th |
| Population (2002 Census) | 1,001,653 inhabitants[2] |
| - Rank in 2002 | 13th |
| Density | 1,240 /km2 (3,200 /sq mi)[3] |
| Time zone | YEKST (UTC+06:00)[4] |
| Founded | May 15, 1723 |
| Previous names | Yegoshikha (until 1940), Molotov (until October 2, 1957) |
| Postal code(s) | 614xxx |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 342 |
| Official website | |
Perm (Russian: Пермь; IPA: [ˈpʲermʲ];[5] Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Komi: Перым, Perym) is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov (Мо́лотов).
According to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, Perm's population is 991,530,[1] down from 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census[2] and 1,090,944 recorded in 1989 Census.[6] As of the 2010 Census, the city was the thirteenth most populous in Russia.[1]
Perm is served by Bolshoye Savino Airport and hosts Bakharevka air base.
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The name Perm is of unknown etymology, likely of Uralic (Komi or Veps) origin. Komi is a member of the Permic group of Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. Likewise, the geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym.
Perm covers an area of 799.68 square kilometers (308.76 sq mi).
The city of Perm is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Urals access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. Kama divides the city into two parts, the central part and the right bank part, and it stretches for 70 km along the Kama and 40 km across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, traveling generally east-west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.
Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large quantity of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka, Yegoshikha, Motoviliha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and Gaiva (on the right bank).
Perm has a continental climate with warm summers and long, cold winters.
Perm was first mentioned as a village, Yegoshikha, in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter I of Russia. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major center of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.
Perm was founded on May 15 (May 4 in Julian calendar), 1723, and has had town status since October 29, 1781. By 1797, it was already an administrative center of the gubernia with the same name.
In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial center with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy, paper, and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.
After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories. In December 1918 the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. In 1919 the city was retaken by the Red Army.
Grand Duke Mikail Alexandrovich was executed in the outskirts of Perm with his secretary Nicholas Johnson on June 12, 1918 on the orders of the Perm Cheka. Their bodies were never recovered. A few weeks later on July 7, 1918, Andronic Nikolsky, the Archbishop of Perm, was also murdered by the Bolsheviks in the city. In 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church glorified him as Hieromartyr Andronik, Archbishop Of Perm, one of the Russian New Martyrs and Confessors.
In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation, shipbuilding, and chemical factories built during that period. Development continued after the 1940s and virtually every major industry became represented by numerous factories in Perm. To this day, almost 80% of the city's population is employed in manufacturing. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union.
From 1940 until 1957, the city was named Molotov (Мо́лотов), after Vyacheslav Molotov.
The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.
Since 2004, in the city of Perm functioned modern Russia's first Muslim Cossack unit.
Perm is divided into seven city districts:
| City District | Population (2010 Census preliminary results)[1] |
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| Dzerzhinsky (Дзержи́нский) | 155,659 |
| Industrialny (Индустриа́льный) | 157,701 |
| Kirovsky (Ки́ровский) | 127,889 |
| Leninsky (Ле́нинский) | 48,562 |
| Motovilikhinsky (Мотови́лихинский) | 180,086 |
| Ordzhonikidzevsky (Орджоники́дзевский) | 111,293 |
| Sverdlovsky (Свердло́вский) | 210,340 |
The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia.[7] There are many other theatres in Perm, including the Drama theatre, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot" and the Theatre "Near Bridge".
Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognized for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from the 15th to 18th century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect. [1] [8] Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, which came into existence officially in March 2009. [9][10]
Perm is a scientific center; some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University,[11] Perm State Technical University,[12] Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy,[13] Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy,[14] Perm State Agricultural Academy, The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School,[15] Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics [16] and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.
Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. 35% of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm.[17] The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.[18]
Several major industrial companies are located in Perm. Engine-makers Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel are among the major players of the Russian aircraft industry. Rocket engine company Proton-PM will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family. In electric engineering, Morion JSC and Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, along with Perm Electrical Engineering Plant are the leading companies. JSC KAMKABEL is Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires. Oil-refining and natural gas processing are also among the city's leading industries. The largest companies in this sector are LUKoil-Perm Ltd., and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.[17]
Perm is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia, the north part of the Urals, and the far east of Russia. The Kama River is an important link in the unifying deep-water system of the European part of Russia. The river connects the city with European waterways. It is possible to ship cargo from the Kama river area to the sea ports of the White, Baltic, Azov, Black, and Caspian seas without reloading.[19]
Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino, 16 km southwest.
Perm's public transit network includes tram, bus, and trolleybus routes.
Aeroflot Flight 821, operated by Aeroflot-Nord in a service agreement with Aeroflot and as its subsidiary, crashed on its approach to Perm Airport on 14 September 2008 at 5:09:25 (UTC+06). All 82 passengers and 6 crew members were killed. Lame Horse fire happened on 5 December 2009. 156 people died.
The three main professional sports played in Perm are football, ice hockey and basketball. The largest football club in Perm is Amkar, who play in the Russian Premier League.[20] Perm was also home to the two-time Russian Basketball Super League champions, Ural Great. The largest Ice hockey team based in Perm is Molot-Prikame Perm who play in the Vysshaya Liga.[21]
The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.
Perm is twinned with:
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