Peltigerales
Peltigerales is an order of lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The taxonomy of the group has seen numerous changes; it was formerly often treated as a suborder of the order Lecanorales. It currently contains two suborders, seven families and about 45 genera such as Lobaria and Peltigera.
The fungi form lichens in a symbiotic relationship with one or two photosynthetic partners which may be a cyanobacterium such as Nostoc or a green alga such as Coccomyxa. The majority of species contain just a cyanobacterium, a smaller number have both a cyanobacterium and a green alga while only a few species have just a green alga. The thallus of the lichen may be foliose (leafy), subfruticose (somewhat shrubby) or granular-squamulose (scaly). The thallus attaches to a surface by means of small root-like rhizines. In some species, the thallus may vary in appearance depending on whether it contains a cyanobacterium or a green alga. Sometimes these different morphs of a single fungus were formerly thought to be separate species.
The lichens occur worldwide, growing on bark, moss, soil or rocks in humid woodland. The greatest diversity occurs in the Northern Hemisphere although the family Lobariaceae is most diverse in the Southern Hemisphere.
Members of the suborder Peltigerineae produce a wide range of secondary compounds, some of which are useful to humans in medicine and dyeing. Former uses include using Peltigera canina (dog lichen) as a remedy for the bite of a mad dog and Lobaria pulmonaria (tree lungwort) as a remedy for lung diseases because of its supposed resemblance to lung tissue.
References
- Gilbert, Oliver (2000) Lichens, HarperCollins, London.
- Hibbett, David S.; Binder, M; Bischoff, JF; Blackwell, M; Cannon, PF; Eriksson, OE; Huhndorf, S; James, T et al. (2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research 111 (Pt 5): 509–547. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334. http://www.ecclectica.ca/issues/2007/3/untereiner_recent_work.pdf.
- Lumbsch, H. T.; Huhndorf, S.M. (2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet 13: 1–58. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/pdfs/Myconet_13a.pdf.
- Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Lutzoni, François (2004). "Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits". American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 449–464. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.449. PMID 21653401. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/3/449.
- Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Kauff, F; Hofstetter, V; Fraker, E; Grube, M; Hafellner, J; Reeb, V; Hodkinson, BP et al. (2006). "New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes". Mycologia 98 (6): 1088–1103. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1088. PMID 17486983. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/98/6/1088.pdf.
Taxonomy of the Lichen families
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Show all lichen genera
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Ascomycota |
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Peltigerales
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Rhizocarpales
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Basidiomycota |
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Chionosphaeraceae
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Platygloeaceae
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References
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- Anderson, Heidi L. and Stefan Ekman. 2005. Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota): a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences. Mycological Research 109(1): 21–30.
- CABI Bioscience Databases. Available online at http://www.indexfungorum.org/.
- Damien Ertz, James D. Lawrey, Masoumeh Sikaroodi, Patrick M. Gillevet, Eberhard Fischer, Dorothee Killmann, and Emmanuël Sérusiaux. 2008. A new lineage of lichenized basidiomycetes inferred from a two-gene phylogeny: The Lepidostromataceae with three species from the tropics. American Journal of Botany 95(12): 1548–1556.
- Ekman, Stefan, Heidi L. Andersen, and Mats Wedin. 2008. The limitations of ancestral state reconstruction and the evolution of the ascus in the Lecanorales (lichenized Ascomycota). Systematic Biology 57(1): 141–156.
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- Ekman, Stefan. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the Bacidiaceae (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota). Mycological Research 105(7): 783-797.
- Grube, Martin and Katarina Winka. 2002. Progress in understanding the evolution and classification of lichenized ascomycetes. Mycologist 16(2): 67-76.
- Liu , Yajuan J. and Benjamin D. Hall. 2004. Body plan evolution of ascomycetes, as inferred from an RNA polymerase II phylogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(13): 4507-4512.
- Schmitt I, Yamamoto Y, Lumbsch HT. 2006. Phylogeny of Pertusariales (Ascomycotina): Resurrection of Ochrolechiaceae and new circumscription of Megasporaceae. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 753-764.
- Staiger, Bettina, Klaus Kalb, and Martin Grube. 2006. Phylogeny and phenotypic variation in the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ostropomycetidae, Ascomycota). Mycological Research 110: 765-772.
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