Peltigera

Peltigera is a genus of approximately 91 species of lichenized fungi in the family Peltigeraceae.^[1] Commonly known as the dog lichen, lichens of Peltigera are often terricolous (growing on soil), but can also occur on moss, trees, rocks, and many other substrates in many parts of the world.^[2] Many Peltigera species are cyanolichens (having a cyanobacteria symbiont), but some Peltigera spp. have only an algae symbiont, and others have both. Because of their ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, such lichens are influential in soil composition and generation.

Description

Species of Peltigera are foliose, with broad lobed thalli. Although the size of the thalli is variable and species-dependent, in some species the thalli can grow quite large, up to 30 cm in diameter.^[3] Although some species have small thalli, in others the thalli may The color of the upper surface may range from drab gray, brown or greenish. Lower surfaces are typically without a cortex, and cottony, often with fungal hyphae fused to form a network of veins. The reproductive structures isidia, soredia or lobules may be present in some species.^[4]

All species of Peltigera associate with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Nostoc.^[5][6]

Habitat

At Deception Island in the South Shetlands archipelago, P. didactyla was found growing extensively on ash from volcanic eruptions that occurred in the late 1960s and 1970.^[7]

Taxonomy

In 1753, Linnaeus first described the species Lichen apthosus and L. caninus back when all known lichens were grouped into the genus Lichen.^[8] Later, in 1787, Willdenow circumscribed the genus Peltigera, and redescribed P. aphthosa and P. canina.^[9]

The generic name is derived from the Latin language pelta (small shield), and refers to the shield-shaped thallus in these species. The common name, the dog lichen, refers to the perceived resemblance of P. caninus to a dog.^[10]

Phylogeny

In a comparative analysis of both morphological and chemical characteristics as well as sequences of large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA, it was shown that the genus Peltigera is monophyletic.^[11]

Distribution

The Peltigera have a widespread distribution, and are found on all continents. There are 34 North American species, 30 European species, 25 species from South America, and 16 species from New Zealand.^{[2][3][12][13]}

Uses

Peltigera species has been used historically to treat wounds, urinary disorders, thrush, tuberculosis, and rabies.^[10][14][15] P. apthosa was used as a remedy for cough^[16] and infantile aphthae.^[17] P. furfuracea has shown potent antioxidant activity and reducing power.^[18]

Food source

Although a few reports have described caribou and reindeer feeding on the thalli of Peltigera,^[19] in general, species of Peltigera are not commonly used as a food source by mammals.^[20][21] A study of the grazing habits of the land snails Cantareus aspersa and Limax species revealed that these snails prefers to eat Peltigera species (such as P. praetextata) lacking in secondary metabolites.^[22]

Bioactive compounds

Peltigera leucophlebia contains the compounds tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate, which are inhibitory to the enzyme 15-lipoxygenase.^[23] Tenuiorin is also known to occur in P. apthosa, P. malacea and P. neckeri.^[24] A mixture of methyl and ethyl orsellinates have been identified from P. aphthosa that had antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.^[25] The novel non-protein amino acids solorinine and peltigerine have been detected in various species of Peltigera.^[26]

Gallery

References

Further reading

Gilbert, O. Lichens Naturally Scottish. 2004. Scottish Natural Heritage. ISBN 1 85397 373 4