Don Pedro Caro y Sureda, 3rd Marquis of la Romana (October 2, 1761 – January 23, 1811) was a Spanish general of the Peninsular War.
Contents |
Born at Palma de Mallorca to a family of Balearic nobility, Romana was educated in France and, upon the death of his father, was awarded a commission in the Spanish Royal Navy by King Charles III. He studied at the University of Salamanca and entered the Seminario de Nobles in Madrid.
Like many Spanish officers of the Napoleonic era, Romana served in the American Revolutionary War in his youth. In 1783, he participated in the reconquest of Minorca from the British. In the final months of the war, he was assigned to the blockade of Gibraltar.
Romana retired from the military after the war and began travelling Europe. Evidence suggests he was actually dispatched on missions of diplomacy or espionage, for which his knowledge of foreign languages would have been a valuable asset.
In 1793, Romana entered the army as a cavalry colonel and fought against France in the War of the First Coalition. He was made Captain-General of Catalonia in 1802 and Chief of the Engineering Corps in 1805.
King Charles IV, bullied and pressured by Napoleon, agreed in 1807 to provide a veteran infantry division to bolster the French army in Germany. Romana was made commander of this "Division of the North" and spent 1807 and 1808 performing garrison duties in Hamburg and later Denmark under Marshal Bernadotte.
When the Peninsular War broke out, La Romana made plans with the British to repatriate his men to Spain. That at least 9,000 men of the 15,000-strong division were immediately able to board British ships on August 27 and escape to Spain was chiefly credited to his subterfuge and resourcefulness. Their defection reduced Bernadotte's "Hanseatic Army" to a string of glorified coastal garrisons, severely sapping Napoleon's left (north) wing in the contest with Austria for mastery over central Europe in 1809.
Romana arrived at Santander on the Cantabrian front and received command of the Army of Galicia on November 11. Fate was crueler to him than he deserved, as this army, under General Blake, was destroyed in battle that same day. On November 26, La Romana assumed effective command of what remained of the army – 6,000 men all told.
With this force, he fought some rearguard actions for General Moore's retreat westwards to Corunna. Using his limited means, Romana conducted small scale attacks against the French in 1809. These met with success and his men were able to distract the French and overwhelm isolated garrisons such as Villafranca. Following the French defeat at Puente San Payo on June 6, Marshal Soult abandoned his attempts to reestablish French rule in Galicia. When Soult moved against the British on the Portuguese frontier, Romana drove the French from Asturias as well.
Romana was appointed to the Central Junta on August 29 and served until 1810. He then returned to military operations under Wellington but died suddenly on January 23, 1811 while preparing the relief of Badajoz. With Castaños, Romana was the Spanish general most trusted and respected by Wellington.[1] At news of his death, Wellington wrote, "his loss is the greatest which the cause could sustain."[2]
He is credited as being the force behind the construction of the castle at Bendinat.
A very good description in Spanish on the Napoleonic Batalla de los Arapiles, 22 July 1812, for the Anglo - Portuguese - Spanish coalition led by Irish born General Arthur Wellesley against the Napoleonic French commanded by Marechal Auguste Marmont,
Autor: Martínez Guitian, Luis -Ilustrador: - Editorial: Aldus SA Artes Gráficas. (1944), Santander, 165 pages.