| Patawalonga River | |
|---|---|
The river near its mouth |
|
| Origin | near Adelaide Airport |
| Mouth | Glenelg North, South Australia |
| Basin countries | Australia |
| Length | 7 km |
| Basin area | 210 km2 |
The Patawalonga River (sometimes called Patawalonga Creek, and known to local residents as "the Pat") is a short river (roughly 7 km in length) that was, before European settlement, a tidal estuary. The River is serviced by a 210 km2 catchment that exists in metropolitan Adelaide, with its mouth at the suburb of Glenelg.
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'Patawalonga', literally translated to the local Indigenous language, is said to break down to 'pata-wilya-unga', the component parts being: Pata, which means a swamp gum tree (Eucalyptus ovata), wilya means a branch, pata-wilya-unga the place of the branches of the swamp gum. A reference in the Manning Index of South Australian History [1] suggests another meaning was "swamp of snakes" whilst another historian suggests it means was a name given by an Indigenous Australian crew member of Colonel Light's ship meaning "boggy and bushy stretch, with fish".[2]
In addition to names given above, the River has at times over history been known as the "River Thames" and "Glenelg Creek".
The State Library of South Australia, via its SA Memory website, records that Colonel William Light, sailing in a vessel called the "Rapid", discovered the Patawalonga River when sailing by and observing a river mouth when surveying the site for the city of Adelaide, via journal entry on 4 October 1836.[3]
The river mouth served as the first significant river port for the colony of South Australia, with the Port River at Port Adelaide comprising a shallow, mangrove river impassable - at that time - to large ships.
One historian records:[2]
The first boat constructed in the Patawalonga was the 22 ton cutter O.G. for the Colonial Secretary, Osmond Gilles. On the day it was launched in 1839, the boat was stranded till high tide. There was only 4 feet of water over the sand bar at the entrance.
Ships of over 300 tons, which were too big to enter Port Adelaide, discharged their passengers and cargoes at Glenelg. Floatable goods were pitched overboard and tided into the creek to the Customs House. The Customs House and flagstaff were erected in November 1839 for the accommodation of the Customs Officer and the crew of the two landing waiters. Pilots fees were still being collected on the Pat. fishing fleet of 35 vessels and for the landing of mail from the steamers until the 1880's. At that time it was called Port Glenelg.
The Patawalonga serves as an outlet for several creeks including the Keswick, Brownhill Creeks and Sturt Creek (also known as Sturt River), the latter being a former natural creek comprising for a significant part of its length now as a large concrete storm-drain.
The catchment includes the Warriparinga Wetlands (opened 16 December 1998), an artificial wetlands situated near the suburb of Marion designed to filter stormwater before it flows through Sturt Creek to the Patawalonga.
At its mouth the River's flow is regulated by barrages at Glenelg North and then flows past the Holdfast Shores marina development.
The first advocate for damming the Patawalonga was a member of State Parliament, Mr Thomas King MP, who introduced a Bill to enable the Corporation of Glenelg to construct such a dam in 1876.
King, incidentally, had emigrated from Northampton, England aboard the barque Oregon in 1851, aged 27 and losing his wife during the journey on 29 October and his newborn child on 3 November. King was left therefore with the care of his 5-year-old son, William, in the new colony. He also served as Mayor of Glenelg and as a newspaper owner in the new colony.
Damming, apart from enabling the Patawalonga to be navigable and thus a safe harbour for yachts and other recreational watercraft, was seen as a means of reducing or removing the odour from the estuary of the river. The dam was ultimately constructed in c1885. King's service to his community is commemorated by a street and bridge over the river connecting Glenelg North with Glenelg proper, the "King Street Bridge".
The weir has not precluded the need to continually dredge the outlet for boating craft to pass. A disagreement between the State Government and ferry operator Australian Ferries over the frequency dredging of sand and seaweed at the Patawalonga entrance led to the cancellation of the high-speed ferry service (featuring the Superflyte and, later, Enigma III vessels) between Glenelg and Kangaroo Island and Edithburgh on the Yorke Peninsula. The service had operated during summers from 1994 to November 2007.[4][5]
The Patawalonga is probably best known for its notorious odour, which has been a problem for the "Pat" ever since European settlement since the mid-19th century. The odour arises from seaweed that grows in the shallow depths of the river estuary and, in more recent times, due to stormwater pollution.
Dredging of the outlet beyond the weir to remove sand and seaweed build-up would at times cause the seaweed to float back to shore and rot on the beach, causing a stench.[6]
Also, if too much fresh water flows into the Patawalonga it can kill off saltwater species of fish that exist in the lake - which, again, can result in an unpleasant odour,[7][8][9] An event like this occurred on the weekend of 22–23 January 2005, and was reported on the front page of the Adelaide Advertiser as follows:
Residents woke yesterday to an "awful" stench and the sight of hundreds of seagulls converging on the area in a feeding frenzy.
From the 1970s onwards, increasing levels of rubbish and dirty stormwater would collect in front of the weir in the Patawalonga, bringing the notorious stench and unsightly view of debris in the water at Glenelg North. The debris and pollution had rendered the Patawalonga unusable for recreational activities such as a popular local "milk-carton" rowing regatta, which ended - along with all other recreational use such as swimming, water skiing, sailboarding and dragon boat racing[10] - when local authorities closed the Patawalonga for such activities in 1987 due to concerns about public health due to pollution levels.[11]
Then State Liberal Premier Dean Brown commissioned a review in 1995 and the then Environment Minister David Wotton promised to swim in the Patawalonga with the Premier within 1 year, as this was the estimated time-frame for cleaning up "the Pat".[12]
Six years later, in December 2001 the Barcoo Outlet was completed. The Outlet's intention was primarily to enable dirty stormwater from the catchment to be diverted away from the Patawonga Lake at an ultimate cost of approximately A$30m. The Outlet consists of an 885m pipeline diverting stormwater out of the final length of the Patawalonga and out to sea. Symbolically, the then State Liberal Premier John Olsen took a media-attended swim in the Patawalonga as the State Government lifted the ban on recreational use.[12][13]
The Outlet project was initially dogged with controversy, due to failures to handle stormwater and pollution of Adelaide's beaches. People north of the Outlet (which itself is 500m north of the Patawalonga's natural mouth) at West Beach complained that the coastal drift was seeing the pollution simply shifted to their beaches instead of into the Patawalonga Lake.
The Outlet also failed to handle stormwater during heavy rainfall and the resulting in stormwater pollution entered the lake section of the Patawalonga in April (2x),[14][15] May[16] and August 2002.[17]
Another failure in the Outlet in February 2003 resulted in minor flooding and consequent damage to homes in both Glenelg North and upstream Novar Gardens.[18]
The lower section of the Patawalonga at Glenelg North is now more-or less operated as a lake, with seawater at times circulated in through the river mouth and then out through the Barcoo Outlet to the north. The Outlet is named after the frigate HMAS Barcoo, which ran aground at Glenelg North during a violent storm on 11 April 1948, which also destroyed most of the jetty at Glenelg.
Heavy rainfall and a malfunction in the weir resulted in the Patawalonga breaking its banks at Glenelg North on Friday, 27 June 2003 and flooding the homes of local residents.[19] The situation became a major political issue with the Labor Premier, Mike Rann, declaring that he would establish a compensation fund for victims who had suffered water damage to their homes. A local newspaper report suggested that 160 homes were affected and the cause of the flooding was the gates to the weir being kept closed during a stormwater flood to protect yachts harboured in the Patawalonga Lake.[20] 145 residents made 150 claims upon the fund and at least A$1.4m was paid to the victims, ultimately, by weir operator Baulderstone Hornibrook.[21] A class action was later launched by 70 residents for further compensation for 'stress and inconvenience'.[22]
Perhaps the most iconic aspect of the Patawalonga River is the permanent mooring there of a replica of the HMS Buffalo, which made the 6-month voyage carrying the first 400 settlers to South Australia in 1836. The original Buffalo had also carried Captain Hindmarsh, captain of that vessel and, upon his arrival, the first Governor of South Australia. The Buffalo replica serves as a family and a la carte restaurant floating on the Patawalonga.[23]